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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2003 City of Lansing Hazard Vulnerability AnalysisDocument: 2003 city of Lansing Hazard Vulnerability I' �EmergencyPlans ,,City of Lansing Hazard Vulnerability Analysis 2003 Permanent ITY OF LANSING Hazard Vulnerability Analysis 2003 CONFIDENTIAL - NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE This document addresses specific vulnerabilities in the City of Lansing. This information is CONFIDENTIAL and is not to be released to any outside agency. Portions of this document may be exempted from the disclosure requirements of the Freedom of Information Act. Table of Contents Introduction ExecutiveSummary ....................................................................................................1 CommunityProfile.....................................................................................................2 EmergencyManagement...........................................................................................7 Hazard Analysis Process............................................................................................8 Hazard Vulnerability Matrix......................................................................................10 CriticalFacilities......................................................................................................11 Businessin Disaster.................................................................................................91 Natural Hazards Snowstorms............................................................................................................26 Ice& Sleet..............................................................................................................31 ExtremeCold..........................................................................................................34 ExtremeHeat..........................................................................................................36 Tornado.................................................................................................................40 SevereWind...........................................................................................................43 Flood.....................................................................................................................45 Technological Hazards Technological Hazards Map.....................................................................................56 Terrorism................................................................................................................57 CivilDisturbance.....................................................................................................63 NuclearAttack........................................................................................................64 Radiological Incidents..............................................................................................70 Hazardous Materials — Fixed Site..............................................................................74 Hazardous Materials — Transportation.......................................................................78 Transportation Accidents..........................................................................................80 Pipelines.................................................................................................................84 Infrastructure Failure................................................................................................87 Fire........................................................................................................................89 Public Health Emergencies.......................................................................................93 DamFailure...........................................................................................................94 Executive Summary The City of Lansing is located in south central lower Michigan, 90 miles west of Detroit. The city covers approximately 39 square miles located in two counties, Ingham and Eaton, and borders Clinton County. It is also bordered by the City of East Lansing, and the townships of Lansing, Delta, Delhi, Dewitt and Windsor. Lansing has a population of 119,000 with an additional 55,000 people coming to work from surrounding areas, creating an average work day population of 174,000. The site was chosen as the state capitol in 1847 largely Dewitt Twp because of its central location between the growing CLINTON CO �I II settlements on Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. In 1859 the town site was platted and soon became a center of manufacturing, agriculture and trade. The first Delta Twp Oldsmobile plant was founded in Lansing at the turn of Lang ing Twp the century and the auto industry quickly became the E. Lansing cornerstone of Lansing's economy. oU i Lansing 01 Some factors to be considered when determining a Lansing's vulnerability to hazards: • Lansinghas 61 schools 4 hospitals, 21 SARA Title III a INGHAM CO N p sites, 2 dams, 3 biological research facilities, and is t�dsor TWp adjacent to a major airport and a university Delhi Twp • 18,000 people work in Lansing for the Federal, State, J� County or City government • 16,000 people are employed in Lansing by the auto industry, 8,500 by hospitals, and 3,700 by insurance companies • 28% of the population is under 18 • 17% of the population is over 55 • 10% of the population does not speak English well, or does not speak English at all • 10% of the homes in Lansing do not have a vehicle • 17% of the population lives under the poverty level, including 23% of children and 9% of senior citizens • 6% of our residents were born outside the United States, and • 23,000 residents have some type of disability, 75% of those live in their own home. Lansing's Hazard Base The hazards that threaten any community can be divided into two categories: natural and technological (man-made) hazards. Lansing's natural hazards are produced by the geography and climate of the area, these include tornadoes, winter storms, thunderstorms, extreme heat and cold, and floods. As an urban, industrial area and the state capital, Lansing is vulnerable to technological hazards including hazardous materials incidents, structural fires, power failures, air and land transportation accidents and acts of terrorism. This analysis identified 19 hazards that pose a risk to Lansing. Of these, seven are weather related hazards, which could affect all or any part of Lansing. Technological hazards, which make up the remainder of the list, are also difficult to predict in location and scope. These hazards can affect residential neighborhoods as easily as industrial complexes or the downtown business district. Technological hazards are unlikely to affect the entire city. The purpose of the hazard analysis is to determine the degree of risk to our community from each potential hazard, to assess our vulnerability, and to examine what has been done to mitigate each hazard. I Community Profile CLIMATE Lansing's climate is determined by its location within the Great Lakes -St. Lawrence River Basin. The climate of the basin is determined by several factors, including the polar jet stream and the Great Lakes themselves. The lakes moderate the temperature of the surrounding land and add moisture to the environment. The result is cooler summers and warmer winters, with significant precipitation and greatly variable weather patterns. Within the basin, temperature and precipitation are primarily determined by proximity to the Great Lakes. Lansing experiences greater temperature extremes and lower precipitation than communities located nearer to the lakes. Lansing's average summer high temperature is 80' and the average winter low is 15°F. Winter has lower precipitation than any other season, on average. Most precipitation occurs as rain in the summer, with a fairly high instance of ice and sleet storms in the early spring and late fall. Average OF Hi h I Low Tempera re Extremes Annual 56.7 36.8 High Date I Low Date Winter 31.2 15.6 69 2/11/99 -29 1/4/81 Spring 56.2 34.8 94 5 2177 -15 3 2 78 Summer 80.4 56.8 100 7/6/88 30 6/1/66 Fall 59.0 40.0 97 9 3 73 -5 11 1191A9 ,qr Mean High Year Preci itatlon Extremes Low Year Annual 30.62 39.55 1975 21.23 1962 1 Day Date Winter 5.18 11.65 1950 2.10 1970 2.141 2/21/97 Spring 7.72 11.85 1948 3.92 1987 3.20 5 18 00 Summer 9.43 15.21 1975 5.86 1995 4.95 61186 Fall 8.29 14.98 1990 3.57 1963 3.43 9/30 81 ENVIRONMENT The area currently covered by Lansing's urban area was originally upland forest and wetlands. Many forested and non -forested open areas have been preserved. The largest of these areas is at the east side of the city, encompassing Crego, Shubel and Potter Parks, Fenner Nature Center and Scott Woods Park. This area provides the city's largest urban/wildland interface. The Red Cedar River flows into the Grand River near the downtown area. The Grand River has an average flow of 1000 cubic feet per second. It is dammed at two points in Lansing: the Eckert Station Power Plant, where it is provides a cooling source for electrical production, and in North Lansing at Burchard Park. The purpose of the North Lansing dam is primarily to provide a constant water level in the river throughout the city, although it does have a limited ability to produce electricity. INFRASTRUCTURE Utilities - Water The Lansing Board of Water and Light is a municipally owned utility created in 1885 to provide water to the citizens of Lansing. The Board currently provides water, electricity, and steam power to the city. 2 Lansing's water is pumped from the Saginaw Aquifer, a water bearing sandstone layer lying about 150 to 400 feet below the mid -Michigan region. One hundred and ten active wells pump water to either of two water conditioning plants where the water is softened and supplied to the public. In addition to Lansing the Board services portions of Lansing Township, Delhi Township, Bath Township, Watertown Township and Alaiedon Township. The system has the capability to provide backup to, or be backed up by, the East Lansing/Meridian Water and Sewer Authority. A total of 180,000 people use water provided by the Lansing Board of Water and Light. The Lansing wastewater treatment plant is owned and operated by the city. The plant treats an average of 20 million gallons of wastewater each day. The facility is designed for an annual average flow of 37 million gallons per day for complete treatment.The plant receives flow from 22,000 acres in the City of Lansing, Lansing Township, and portions of Delhi Township and serves a population of 155,000. Utilities - Power The Lansing Board of Water and Light provides steam and electrical power to the cities of Lansing and East Lansing and all or part of seven surrounding townships, including Delhi, Delta, DeWitt, Lansing, Meridian, Watertown and Windsor. The Board of of Water and Light has two generating plants, one in Lansing and one in Delta Township. The Board also has the ability to buy power from other parts of the state or country if it should become necessary. Natural gas is provided within the city by Consumers Energy. Transportation The city street system consists of 105 miles of major streets and 305 miles of local streets for a total of 410 miles. A truck route system is included in the major street mileage. The truck route system is broken down further into all-weather routes and seasonally restricted routes. Several state and interstate highways provide major arteries through and around the city. Several major freight rail lines also cross through Lansing carrying freight and passengers. CSX, Conrail, GTW and Norfolk Southern all maintain tracks in Lansing. Other public transportation is provided by the Capital Area Transportation Authority (CATA) and by two local taxicab companies. The Capital City Airport is adjacent to Lansing in Clinton County. Although the airport is not located within the city limits, it provides a major transportation artery for citizens of and visitors to Lansing. It is one of the state's busiest airports, serving over 500,000 passengers and transporting 24,500 tons of cargo in 2002. 3 POPULATION The diversity of Lansing's population provides a variety of challenges for emergency management. Resources must be found to meet the needs of the elderly and the needs of children in a disaster. The citizens we are called upon to help may not speak English. They come from a variety of cultural backgrounds, may have different customs, and may not be familiar with our emergency procedures. Over the past twenty years over 10,000 refugees have settled in the Lansing area. Vietnamese, Hmong and Cuban immigrants make up more than 90% of that figure. The remainder, and the most recent refugees, have come from throughout Europe, Asia and Africa, including Bosnia, Kosovo and Somalia. While the Vietnamese, Hispanic and the Hmong communities are well established, many of these more recent refugees do not speak English. White AC;01 Mixes 5% Race of Lansing Citizens - 2000 2000 Census 3% 100% While Lansing's population decreased 80% by 6% between 1990 and 2000, two age groups showed an increase. Those over 60% 75 increased by 9%, while the 45-54 40% age group increased by 32%, the largest change in any group. 20% 0% Like the rest of the nation, we are also facing the problem of an aging population. One third of our population is over 45. Another third of our population is 30000 under 18. 20000 Lansing's two 10000 largest population groups are 25 to ° 0-4 5-9 34 (17%) and 35 to 44 (15% ck 0/0 These two charts show the racial makeup of Lansing residents in 2000. The chart on the left shows overall race, while the chart below shows the percentage of individuals of Hispanic origin by race, as classified in the 2000 census. 16% of Lansing residents are of Hispanic origin. B Non -Hispanic \Hispanic White Black NatNe Asian Pacific Other Two or American Islander More Races 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age of Lansing Citizens - 2000 01990 ■ 2000 More than one hundred and seventy thousand Z000 census people live and work in Lansing. The city's diverse economy has drawn in workers with a variety of cultural and educational backgrounds. Fifty-eight percent of jobs in Lansing are white collar, twenty-four percent are blue collar and eighteen percent are service positions. The government and the auto industry are the two largest employers. 4 250 200 150 100 50 0 MILLIONS 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 THOUSANDS NATIONAL POPULATION TRENDS 1990-1999 White Black Hispanic Asian ® 1990 111999 ❑ % Growth LANSING POPULATION TRENDS 1990-1999 White Black Hispanic Asian ® 1990 111999 ❑ % Growth 5 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT The City of Lansing is approximately 39 square miles. Homes take up almost one third of this area, streets and businesses another third, and eight percent of land within the city is used for parks. In 1999 over $850 million dollars was invested in developing or renovating government, industrial, entertainment and residential properties in Lansing. Among other projects, a new General Motors plant is planned for downtown Lansing, a new State Legislative building was erected, Frandor shopping center underwent major renovation, the old State Library and Civic Center were renovated for new occupants, a multi -screen movie theater was built on Edgewood in South Lansing, and vacant buildings were converted to condominiums in the Old Town and Downtown areas to increase the "after five" population base to support commercial businesses in these areas. The City has developed a Business Assistance program to encourage new business and retain existing businesses. Delta Twp Oldtown Downtown business district GM Plant , New development in South Lansing Lansing R ?_ _: VT ._ Frandor _- - Governor's Club E. Lansing _CLUB 11-T- dr6n Twp Projected future growth Alaiedon Twp Jackson National Life In the past three years the city has signed several agreements with other communities under Public Act 425 for conditional transfer of specific areas of land to the City of Lansing. These include the Jackson National Life property in Alaiedon Township, the new General Motors plant in Delta Township and the Governor's Club in Meridian Township. Eleven Neighborhood Enterprise and Renaissance Zones have been implemented to encourage and support rehabilitation and construction of residential housing within the city. The seven block Renaissance Zone provides reduced tax liability to business and property owners within the zone. Both of these programs have resulted in significant improvement in the selected areas since they were introduced in 1997. FUTURE GROWTH It is projected that in the next ten years that interchange sites such as Cedar Street and Jolly Road and Cedar Street and Edgewood Boulevard will continue to attract growth. Neighborhood strip malls will have increasing vacancies as these tenants relocate to interchange areas, but growth will be positive overall. The auto industry will continue to be a strong part of the local economy. General Motors is in the process of building a new Lansing plant, in addition to the new Delta Township facility, and has made a considerable investment into Lansing's north side with the refurbishment of the old Motor Wheel site for its Machine Tool Operations Project Center. 6 Emergency Management All disasters are local disasters. A disaster that occurs in Lansing will always be the responsibility of Lansing's government, emergency responders and citizens, no matter how many other communities are affected or how many state and federal resources may ultimately respond. Emergencies happen every day in Lansing. They are handled by local police, fire, emergency medical services, public works, utilities, and other agencies that take daily responsibility for maintaining our standard of safety. When an emergency becomes more than local agencies can effectively handle, the mayor may declare a local state of emergency or a local disaster. State resources may be called in to help RESOURCES manage the disaster, but they are supplemental. The state --or even the federal government, if the incident eventually becomes a presidentially declared disaster --does not assume W control of the incident. It never stops MW being a local disaster. �a The City of Lansing is a state emergency management jurisdiction. This means `L 12 that the City takes responsibility for its own emergency planning, maintains its own Emergency Coordination Center, and works directly with the state to obtain resources or financial aid when necessary. The Lansing Fire Chief has been appointed by the Mayor as the Emergency Management Coordinator for Lansing. The Fire Chief in turn appoints an Emergency Management Program Manager, who takes daily responsibility for the local Emergency Management Program. The City of Lansing's Emergency Management Office is maintained by the Fire Department and has a staff of two full time individuals. Ken Jones 483-4186 Emergency Program Manager kjones@ci.lansing.mi.us Ronda Oberlin 483-4110 Emergency Management Specialist roberlin@ci.lansing.mi.us Emergency management is a continuous cycle of planning for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. This hazard vulnerability analysis is one step in the process of preparing for disaster. DISASTER -7A Local resources are overwhelmed Mayor declares local disaster Governor declares state disaster State resources! respond !are Disaster Declaration Process 7 HAZARD ANALYSIS We have identified nineteen man-made and natural hazards which present a risk to our community. In the analysis process, each hazard was given a rating of one to ten. The form used to determine the rating is included on the next page. One of the categories, historical occurrence, was weighted (3x) in order to give a more accurate picture of the hazards. For instance, while a dam failure could potentially have a higher impact than a snowstorm, a dam failure may never occur, while snowstorms have occurred and will occur again. The matrix on page 11 shows the results of the analysis. The gray areas on the matrix are areas which may have mitigation potential --there may be means of lessening the effect of the incident in these areas. The next phase of the hazard/vulnerability analysis will be to look at these areas and determine whether the effects can be lessened by codes or procedures, equipment, training or public awareness. Our vulnerability to the hazard and the current response capability are discussed There is no such thing as a hazard -proof community, but through this analysis and through future mitigation projects we may be able to minimize the effects of disasters in Lansing. Lansing Hazard Vulnerability Analysis Team: Lt. Lisa Phillips, Lansing Police Department Capt. Trent Atkins, Lansing Fire Department Gary Brydges, City of Lansing Building Department Jim Campfield, City of Lansing Public Service Department Ronda Oberlin, City of Lansing Emergency Management Andy Provenzano, WILX M. HAZARD PROFILE AND EVALUATION HAZARD: Score Historical Occurrence Occurs with regularity (10) x 3 Frequency of Event Has occurred many times (7) Has occurred 1-2 times (4) Has never occurred 1 Affected Area Large Area [100% of city] (10) One site or many, large or small area Small Area [25% of city] (7) Multiple Sites (4) Single Site 1 Speed of Onset Minimal/No (10) How quickly does event develop >12 hours (7) 12-24 hours (4) <24 hours 1 Population Impact 10+ casualties (10) Potential number of deaths or serious 6-10 casualties (7) injuries 1-5 casualties (4) None 1 Economic Effects Significant [127K+] (10) Damages, response and recovery costs, Medium (7) monetary losses Low (4) Minimal 1 Duration 2 weeks+ (10) Time during which hazard is actively 1 week (7) present and causing damage 2-3 days (4) 1 day 1 Predictability Unpredictable (10) Ease with which time, location and Somewhat unpredictable (7) magnitude of hazard can be predicted Predictable (4) Highly redictable 1 Collateral Damage Always (10) Possibility of the event creating a Likely (7) secondary hazard Unlikely (4) None 1 Availability of Public Warning Unavailable (10) Time or means to warn public available Generally not (7) Sometimes (4) Available 1 Mitigative Potential Impossible (10) Ease with which steps can be taken, either Difficult (7) in advance of, or immediately prior to the Possible (4) event, to lessen the effects of the hazard Easy 1 Preparedness No plans, unprepared (10) Level to which the community is prepared Plans/Equipment out of date (7) to respond to and recover from hazard Plans prepared, not tested (4) Plans prepared and exercised 1 HAZARD VULNERABILITY MATRIX 2002 20 02 20 01 Historical Occurrence x3 Affected Area Speed of Onset Pop Impact Economic Effects Duration Predict ability Collateral Damage Availability of Public Warning Mitigative Potential Prepared ness Total Score 1 4 Terrorism 7 4 10 10 7 1 10 10 10 7 4 94 2 1 Snow 10 10 3 10 10 4 4 8 1 10 1 91 3 2 Severe wind 10 7 10 7 10 1 5 8 1 10 1 90 4 3 Ice and sleet 10 10 4 4 10 4 4 10 1 10 1 88 5 5 Nuclear Attack 1 10 7 10 10 10 7 10 1 10 10 88 6 17 Structural Fires 10 1 10 4 10 3 10 3 7 5 1 84 7 7 Hazmat - Trans 6 1 10 10 10 4 10 7 5 4 1 80 8 8 Flood 5 5 4 4 10 10 5 10 3 6 5 77 9 9 Tornado 4 7 10 10 10 1 5 10 1 10 1 77 10 11 Extreme Cold 10 10 1 4 6 10 1 7 1 5 1 76 11 10 Trans Accidents 4 1 10 10 10 1 10 4 10 4 1 73 12 12 Pipeline 7 3 10 7 5 1 10 3 5 7 1 73 13 14 Infrastructure 5 8 10 1 7 2 10 7 7 5 1 73 14 18 Hazmat - Fixed 5 5 10 7 10 4 4 7 5 4 1 72 15 13 Radiological 1 1 10 10 7 7 10 5 7 4 7 71 16 15 Extreme Heat 7 10 1 10 7 7 1 6 1 4 1 69 17 6 Civil Disturbance 6 5 7 3 10 3 7 5 1 5 1 65 18 19 Public Health 4 7 4 10 3 7 7 1 4 3 1 59 19 20 Dam failure 1 7 7 4 10 1 7 7 1 7 1 55 CITY OF LANSING - Critical Facilities Clinton County "A 4 11 j L 7 r Sl L IL �I �_ { ti, fi c , r- 1 _ Eaton County- j J f ,1. ; Ingham Coun ❑ Hospital O Utilities Government Dam Not covered by warning sirens i O Fire ¢ Military Mobile Home Park Research L— Police p Public Gathering EHS Site ®HelipadIF— Concentration of critical facilities 11 CRITICAL FACILITIES MEDICAL FACILITIES Ingham Regional Medical Center 401 W. Greenlawn 258 Beds Ingham Regional Medical Center 2727 S. Pennsylvania 251 Beds Sparrow Hospital 1215 E. Michigan 396 Beds St. Lawrence Hospital 1210 W. Saginaw 435 Beds Ingham County Health Dept 5303 S. Cedar Blue Care Network - Cedar 2316 S. Cedar Delta Medical Center 1107 E. Miller Red Care 6910 S. Cedar Cristo Rey Health Center 1717 N. High SCHOOLS Allen Elementary School 1614 E. Kalamazoo Public Attwood Elementary School 915 Attwood Public Averill Elementary School 3201 Averill Public Beekman Center 2901 Wabash Public Bingham Elementary School 121 Bingham Public Cavanaugh Elementary School 200 W. Cavanaugh Public Cumberland Elementary School 2801 Cumberland Public Eastern High School 220 N. Pennsylvania Public El-Shabazz Academy 2130 W. Holmes Charter Elmhurst Elementary School 2400 Pattengill Public Emmanuel First Lutheran School 1001 N. Capitol Christian Everett High School 3900 Stabler Public Fairview Elementary School 814 N. Fairview Public Forest View Elementary School 3119 Stoneleigh Public Franks Elementary School 2924 Newark Public Gardner Middle School 333 Dahlia Public Gier Park Elementary School 401 E. Gier Public Grand River Elementary School 1107 E. Grand River Public Gunnisonville Elementary School 1454 E. Clark Road Public Hill Center 5815 Wise Public Holmes CLCC 1030 S. Holmes Public Holy Cross - Higher Ground School 1514 W. Saginaw Christian HOPE Academy 2130 W. Holmes Private Immaculate Heart of Mary - St. Casimir 3830 Rosemont Christian Kendon Elementary School 827 Kendon Public Lansing Catholic Central High School 501 Marshall Christian Lansing Christian Elementary School 1028 W. Barnes Christian Lansing Christian Secondary School 5525 S. Pennsylvania Christian Lewton Elementary School 2000 Lewton Public Lyons Elementary School 2901 Lyons Public Maple Grove Elementary School 6031 S. ML King Jr. Public Maplewood Elementary School 2216 S. Cedar Public Michigan Early Elementary Center 727 N. Jenison Charter Mid -Michigan Public School Academy 730 W. Maple Charter Montessori Children's House of Lansing 2100 N. St. Joseph Private Moores Park Elementary School 316 Moores River Drive Public Mt. Hope Elementary School 1215 E. Mt. Hope Public New City Academy 2130 W. Holmes Charter 12 North Elementary School 333 E. Miller Public Northwestern Elementary School 2908 Andrew Public Otto Middle School 500 E. Thomas Public Our Savior Lutheran Church School 1601 W. Holmes Christian Parker Memorial Baptist Church School 1902 E. Cavanaugh Christian Pattengill Middle School 1017 Jerome Public Pleasant View Elementary School 4501 Pleasant Grove Public Post Oak Elementary School 2320 Post Oak Public Reo Elementary School 1221 Reo Ct. Public Resurrection Church School 1527 E. Michigan Christian Rich Middle School 2600 Hampden Public Riddle Elementary School 221 Huron Public Sankofa Schule School 4817 Bristol Private Sexton High School 102 McPherson Public Sheridan Rd Elementary School 2701 N. Cedar Public Verlinden Elementary School 609 N. Verlinden Public Wainwright Elementary School 4200 Wainwright Public Walnut Elementary School 1012 N. Walnut Public Walter French Academy of Business & Technology 1900 S. Cedar Charter Wexford Elementary School 5217 Wexford Public Willow Elementary School 1012 W. Willow Public Woodcreek Elementary School 4000 Woodcreek Public COLLEGES Cooley Law School 300 S. Capitol Davenport University 220 E. Kalamazoo Lansing Community College University of Michigan - Lansing Service Center 201 N. Washington Square Western Michigan University - Lansing Service Center 300 N. Washington Square MASS SHELTER SITES Central United Methodist Church 215 North Capitol Mt. Hope United Methodist Church 501 E. Mt. Hope Lansing Schools are available as shelters through the Red Cross. DETENTION FACILITIES Lansing Police Department 120 W. Michigan US Marshal's Office 315 W. Allegan Circuit Court 333 S. Capitol Family Court Annex 106 S. Washington Sq. Probate Juvenile Court 303 W. Kalamazoo Juvenile Home 700 E. Jolly Road MILITARY FACILITIES Air Force Recruiting 6250 S. Cedar Army Recruiting Battalion 6545 Mercantile Way Marine Inspection -Instructor Staff Co. 1620 E. Saginaw Marine Liaison Office 120 E. Jolly Marine Recruiting 3500 S. Cedar Marine Recruiting Office 1000 Long Blvd Marine Recruiting Substation 308 N. Washington Sq. Military Entrance Processing Station 120 E. Jolly Capacity: 70-90 Capacity: 2 (day only) Capacity: 18 Capacity: 10-16 Capacity: 6-15 (day only) Detention beds, no cells 13 National Guard Association of MI 300 Elvin Ct. National Guard Armory 2500 S. Washington National Guard Recruiting 2500 S. Washington Naval Reserve Recruiting 1620 E. Saginaw Naval Reserve Training Center 1620 E. Saginaw Navy Department Career Counseling 120 E. Jolly Navy Enlistment Recruiting Office 6250 S. Cedar UTILITIES AT&T 220 N. Capitol Ameritech/Mich Bell Telephone Co. 221 N. Washington Sq. Ameritech/Mich Bell Telephone Co. 106 E. Jolly Rd. Ameritech/Mich Bell Telephone Co. 3400 Franette Ameritech/Mich Bell Telephone Co. 815 Hazel St. BWL Alpha St. PCB Storage Bldg. 3100 Alpha St. BWL Dye Water Conditioning Plant 148 S. Cedar St. BWL Eckert Station 601 Island Ave. BWL Stores Dept. 1110 S. Pennsylvania Ave. BWL Wise Water Conditioning Plant 5401 Wise Road Consumers Energy 500 W. Willow Lansing Wastewater Treatment Sunset MCI Worldcom One Michigan Ave. Sprint Lansing 1815 Turner St. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FACILITIES AGA Gas & Welding 1320 Keystone Ashland Chemical 2011 Turner Atmosphere Annealing 209 W. Mt. Hope Atmosphere Annealing 1801 Bassett Auto -Air Composites 5640 Enterprise Drive Barnes Aerospace Lansing Div. 5300 Aurelius Rd. BWL Alpha St. PCB Storage Bldg. 3100 Alpha St. BWL Dye Water Conditioning Plant 148 S. Cedar St. BWL Eckert Station 601 Island Ave. BWL Stores Dept. 1110 S. Pennsylvania Ave. BWL Wise Water Conditioning Plant 5401 Wise Road Carquest 4722 N. Grand River GMC Car Group - Lansing Body Plant 401 N. Verlinden Ave. GMC Car Group - Lansing Plant #1 920 Townsend Ingham Regional Med Ctr. 401 West Greenlawn Ingham Regional Med Ctr. 2727 S. Pennsylvania Lansing Artillery Armory 300 Elvin Court Lansing Division 1900 W. Willow St. Lansing Headquarters Armory 2500 S. Washington Ave. Lansing Plating Company 1303 Case St. Lindberg Heat Treating Co. 2127 W. Willow St. MCI Worldcom One Michigan Ave. Melody Farms -Lansing Dairy 2224 W. Willow Mich Bell/Ameritech 221 N. Washington Square Mich Bell/Ameritech 106 E. Jolly Rd. Mich Bell/Ameritech 3400 Franette Mich Bell/Ameritech 815 Hazel St. MK Battery, Lansing 1521 Keystone Ave. Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone Electric Water Electric Electric/Water Water Natural Gas Water Treatment Telephone Telephone El Quality Dairy Co. 1400 S. Washington Ave. Sparrow Hospital 1215 E. Michigan Ave. Sprint Lansing 1815 Turner St. St Lawrence Campus 1210 W. Saginaw SPECIAL POPULATIONS Capitol Commons 500 S. Pine Cedar Place Apartments 201 W. Jolly Colonial Woods 2000 W. Mt. Hope Edgewood Living Center 200 W. Edgewood Friendship Manor 200 Friendship Circle Good Shepherd Adult Foster Care 2718 Geert Granny's Loft 3722 Ridgefield Hildebrandt Park 3122 Turner LaRoy Froh 2400 Reo Road Mary Avenue Care Center 1313 Mary Ave Mt. Vernon Park 3338 N. Waverly Pines Healthcare Center 707 Armstrong Porter Apartments 505 Townsend Riverfront Towers 601 N. Cedar Southland Adult Living Care Center 621 E. Jolly Tendercare South 2100 Provincial House Twin Oaks Meadows 3900 Burneway EMERGENCY SHELTERS (NON -DISASTER) Advent House Ministries 743 N. ML King Christian Service of Greater Lansing 620 S. Capitol City Rescue Mission Victory Center 433 S. Cedar City Rescue Mission Opportunity House 1005 Clear Street City Rescue Mission Victory Center 607 E. Michigan Natl Council on Alcoholism Glass House 419 ML King Natl Council on Alcoholism Holden House 3300 Pennsylvania Loaves & Fishes Ministries 831 W. Sycamore Volunteers of America 430 N. Larch GOVERNMENT - CITY LFD Station #1 120 E. Shiawassee LFD Station #2 2114 N. Grand River LFD Station #3 629 W. Hillsdale LFD Station #4 5550 S. Pennsylvania LFD Station #5 1821 Todd LFD Station #6 3708 Pleasant Grove LFD Station #7 629 N. Jenison LFD Station #8 815 Marshall LFD Station #9 520 Glendale LFD Training Academy 3015 Alpha Access LPD North Precinct 120 W. Michigan LPD South Precinct 3400 S. Cedar LPD Radio & Electronic Maint 817 W. Holmes City Hall 124 W. Michigan Central Garage 312 N. Cedar Computer & Communication Services 201 N. Grand N. Grand Ramp 201 N. Grand Senior/Handicapped Senior/Handicapped Senior/Independent Living Senior/Independent Living Senior Citizen Senior/Handicapped Senior Citizen LHA Facility LHA Facility Nursing Home LHA Facility Nursing Home Senior/Independent Living Senior/Handicapped Senior/Handicapped Nursing Home Senior/Handicapped All Women & their children Women & their children Women & their children Men Women Men All Veterans only (?) 15 hington Square Annex N. Capitol Ramp 316 N. Capitol Planning Offices 316 N. Capitol LPD Community Policing 2 1128 Leslie LPD Community Policing 3 119 Larch LPD Community Policing 4 1717 N. High Street LPD Firing Range 16001 Airport Rd. Tri-County Metro Narcotics Public Service 601 E. South Street Public Service Warehouse Hazel St. Public Service Garage 525 E. South Street Public Service - Transportation 219 N. Grand River Wastewater Treatment Plant 1625 Sunset Hunter Park Swimming Pool 1400 E. Kalamazoo Moores Park Swimming Pool 420 Moores River Fenner Arboretum 2020 E. Mt. Hope Cemetery Office 1709 E. Mt. Hope Foster Community Center 200 N. Foster Gier Community Center 2400 Hall Kingsley Community Center 1220 W. Kalamazoo Golf Operations 1600 Ormand Red Cedar Golf Course 203 S. Clippert Waverly Golf Course 3619 W. Saginaw Oak Park Field Office 717 E. Shiawassee Potter Park Zoo 1301 S. Pennsylvania Turner -Dodge House 100 E. North Street GOVERNMENT - COUNTY Ingham County Health Dept 5303 S. Cedar Ingham County Probate Court 303 W. Kalamazoo Ingham County Building GOVERNMENT - STATE State Capitol Building S. Capitol Farnum Building Allegan & Capitol Stevens T. Mason Building Allegan & Pine Lewis Cass Building Walnut & Washtenaw Ottawa Building 611 W. Ottawa State Library & Historical Center 717 W. Allegan Romney Building 111 S. Capitol Roosevelt Building Ionia & Seymour Transportation Building Ottawa & Walnut Treasury Building 430 W. Allegan Williams Building 525 W. Ottawa Central Chiller Allegan & Sycamore Hannah Building 608 W. Allegan House of Representatives Building Capitol & Ottawa Secretary of State 5102 S. Cedar GOVERNMENT - FEDERAL Federal Building Allegan & Townsend 16 RECREATIONAL/PUBLIC GATHERING Oldsmobile Park 505 E. Michigan Lansing Center 333 E. Michigan Impression Five Science Center 200 Museum Drive RE Olds Transportation Museum 240 Museum Drive Michigan Museum of Surveying 220 Museum Drive Oldsmobile Heritage Center 414 E. Michigan Michigan Women's Hall of Fame 213 W. Main Soccer Zone 4900 Contec Drive Frandor Shopping Center Celebration Cinema 200 E. Edgewood Boarshead Michigan Public Theater 425 S. Grand Riverwalk Theatre 228 Museum Drive TRANSPORTATION CATA Terminal 420 S. Grand Bus CATA Garage 4615 Tranter Ave Bus CSX Transportation 2900 N. ML King Rail CSX Engine House Randolph Rail COMMUNICATIONS Lansing State Journal 120 E. Lenawee Newspaper WLAJ 5815 S. Pennsylvania Television WLNS 2820 E. Saginaw Television WSYM 600 W. St. Joseph Television Z101.7 600 W. Cavanaugh Radio WVIC 1124 Woodbine Radio NS Microwave 333 E. Michigan Radio AT&T Cable Services 1401 E. Miller Cable Television ABORTION CLINICS Woman's Choice Womancare Planned Parenthood OTHER Michigan National Bank Tower Comerica Bank Radisson Hotel 815 Coolidge Road 3401 E. Saginaw 300 N. Clippert 124 W. Allegan 101 N. Washington 111 N. Grand 17 Vulnerable Populations by Census Tract 2000 Federal Census 65+ (15-270/.) ❑ ASIAN (8%) HISPANIC (16-240/.) ❑ NO CAR IN HOUSEHOLD (19-370%) ❑ DOES NOT SPEAK ENGLISH "VERY WELL" (9-16%) ❑ FOREIGN BORN (13-23%) is LANSING'S MOST VULNERABLE AREA The purpose of this assessment is not to designate the "most dangerous" place to live in Lansing, but rather to present a snapshot of an area where hazards, critical resources and population vulnerabilities combine to create an area of special interest for emergency management. This area is subject to all of the same hazards as the rest of the city, in addition to being one of the two significant residential areas in the flood zone. It is also downstream from the Moore's Park Dam and includes the city's urban-wildland interface area. The area is crossed by two major highways and several active rail lines, which are key transportation routes for hazardous materials. 0 O 22% - Born outside US 16% - Don't speak English well 37-51% - No car in household High wildfire hazard Moderate wildfire hazard Highway Flood Plain School EHS Chemical Site Utility n Hospital 33% - Under 18 years old 11% - Born outside US 9W LANSING'S MOST VULNERABLE AREA HAZARDS Flood Largest residential area in the flood zone. Dam Break Downstream from Moores Park Dam Hazmat Fixed Site In the vulnerable zone and downwind of sites storing extremely hazardous substances Hazmat Transportation Crossed by two major highways and several active rail lines Wildfire Residential development along the urban-wildland interface area RESOURCES Hospitals Three of our four hospitals are located in this area. Ingham Regional's Pennsylvania Campus is at the edge of the 100 year floodplain for Sycamore Creek and Sparrow Hospital is directly downwind from an EHS site. Schools Ten schools are located in the area. Utilities Three Board of Water and Light sites are in the area: Dye Water Plant, the Board's administrative offices, and the BWL equipment yard. All three of these sites would be impacted by a 100 year flood. VULNERABILITIES Population 10% of the city's population live in the highlighted census tracts, including 11% of the children. Language A high concentration of recent immigrants live in this area. Many do not speak English well, or do not speak it at all. They may not understand emergency signals or instructions. Mobility Many households in the downtown residential areas do not own cars. 20 Business in Disaster "It is not if, but when. " Security Director of a Fortune 100 company, regarding disaster. Like anyone else, businesses are at risk from both natural and manmade hazards. Anything that can shut a business down is a hazard that can, and should, be minimized by preplanning. This includes everything from fires and floods to labor disputes and the loss of key customers or suppliers. By examining what hazards have affected your business in the past and which hazards are likely to affect you in the future you can begin to determine what steps to take to make your business less vulnerable. • Most businesses do not have an emergency or recovery plan even though they know it is important. • 47% of businesses that experience a fire or major theft go out of business within two years. • 44% of companies that lose records never resume business. • 93% of companies that experience a significant data loss are out of business within five years. • The majority of businesses spend less than 3% of their total budget on business recovery planning. Critical Incident Protocol - A Public and Private Partnership (MSU School of Criminal Justice) ASSESSING RISK Do you know what your maximum downtime is, or how long it will take to recover critical functions once the hazard is past? Once you have determined how long recovery of critical processes will take, you will know what your maximum allowable downtime is. It has been shown that people --citizens, customers and employees --are generally willing to wait 72 hours before resumption of services before the inconvenience becomes too great. Asking them to wait longer puts relationships at risk. Disaster Strikes Response Restore delivery of product to customers Recovery Hazard is present (utilities are I Recovery of critical functions or disrupted, floodwaters present, etc.) systems underway 72 hours Once critical functions and recovery times are identified an action plan should be developed. If recovery times cannot be shortened, additional response methods should be considered. For instance, if functions require 24 hours to recover, and electricity may be out for more than 48 hours, a generator might be considered. On the following pages are sample forms that can be used to assess risk and determine recovery needs. The Lansing Emergency Management Office is also available to help in this process. Call Ronda Oberlin at 483-41 10 for more information. 21 SELF ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET: RISK ASSESSMENT Business Name: ABC Manufacturing Address: 717 Main Street Telephone: 555-1234 (555-1235 after hours) 1. List all business processes required to maintain business functions. Potential Recovery Function Priority Hazard Vulnerability Requirement Action Plan Electricity Critical Weather, utility Vulnerable Immediate Purchase disruption generator Customer service calls Critical Weather, utility Vulnerable Immediate disruption Parts deliveries Critical Weather Vulnerable Delayed Advertisements, mailings Non- Weather, utility Not Vulnerable Deferred essential disruption 2. List duties and tasks to recover critical processes. Process Recovery Time Resource Needs Duties Tasks Production Line #1 12 hours Electricity, arts Line set up, call back trucks 3. Where will recovery resources be obtained? List those from within the business, required from contractors or vendors, and other outside resources. Resource Vendor/Source Contact Information Generator Acme Generator John Smith 555-1236 24 7 Alternate parts supplier DEF Manufacturing Bill Smith 616-555-1237 4. Identify and maintain emergency contact list of persons responsible for recovery processes. Employee Name Work Phone Home Phone Pager Cell Phone Stan Smith X123 555-1238 555-1239 None 5. Identify list of customers, suppliers, and other operations affected by the disruption. Name Contact Action Required Detroit Plant I Bob Smith, Plant Mgr 313-555-1240 1 Start up additional line For more information on emergency planning for businesses contact the Lansing Emergency Management Office at 483-4110 or go to httD:/ /www.fema.gov/library/bizindex.htm 22 SELF ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET: RISK ASSESSMENT Business Name: Address: Telephone: 1. List all business processes required to maintain business functions. Function Priority Potential Hazard Vulnerability Recovery Requirement Action Plan 2. List duties and tasks to recover critical processes. Process Recovery Time Resource Needs Duties/Tasks 23 3. Where will recovery resources be obtained? List those from within the business, required from contractors or vendors, and other outside resources. Resource Vendor Source Contact Information 4. Identify and maintain emergency contact list of persons responsible for recovery processes. Employee Name Work Phone Home Phone Pager Cell Phone 5. Identify list of customers, suppliers, and other operations affected by the disruption. Name Contact Action Required 25 AA 790 r f •LA�.'� `1 �t t6 y �,*��"-"��a� • � +fir:. � ,:, �� _�. AA 9 11.11 ivAtILDi I SNOWSTORMS A rapid accumulation of snow (6 or more inches in a 12 hour period) often accompanied by high winds, cold temperatures and low visibility. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Hazard/Vulnerability Rating Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset PoputationFnpacl EconmicEfects Duratan Predctabilty ColilteralDarnage AvallabbPubic Miigatk Preparedness Occurrence Wamna Potential HAZARD DEFINITION SNOWSTORMS are defined by the amount of snow and the rate at which it accumulates. An accumulation of 6 or more inches in 12 hours is considered a serious event in Lansing. The National Weather Service uses the following terms to describe snow activity. Flurries - Light snow falling for short durations. No accumulation or a light dusting is all that is expected. Worst Best LANSING_WSO_AIRPORT, MI (204641) Overages; 1961-1990 12 ^ 10- d =_ ra C s3 o Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Month of Year Average Total Monthly Snowfall climtc C—t— Source. National Weather Service Showers - Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some accumulation is possible. Squalls - Brief, intense snow showers accompanied by strong, gusty winds. Accumulation may be significant. Snow squalls are best known in the Great Lakes region. POPULATION IMPACT Winter deaths related to ice & snow: • About 70% occur in automobiles • About 25% are people caught out in the storm • Majority are males over 40 years old (Winter Storms... the Deceptive Killers, USDGNnAA, 1991) Blowing Snow - Wind -driven snow that reduces visibility and causes significant drifting. Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up by the wind. Blizzard - Winds over 35 mph with snow and blowing snow reducing visibility to near zero for an extended period of time (greater than three hours). 26 SNOW IMPACT Although the city has the means to keep major roads clear even during heavy snow events, a significant snowfall will still effect transportation. Plowing - cars on secondary and neighborhood roads, intentionally parked or abandoned in the storm, make it difficult or impossible for plows to get down streets. Tow trucks are being used to assist in emergency response and are not available to help stranded motorists. Even if plows can negotiate partially blocked streets, those with cars parked on them must be plowed again at a later time. Bus Stops - CATA bus stops are filled with plowed snow, commuters stand in the street to wait for buses. CATA is responsible for clearing its own bus stops, which may take several days. Parking - Downtown parking spots are filled with plowed snow. Parked cars partially block streets. Parking meters are inaccessible. Sidewalks - Residents and facilities need a longer than normal period to clear sidewalks. Children walking to school have a difficult time on sidewalks and many walk in the street. Schools may find that their equipment is not sufficient to clear significant snowfall in a reasonable amount of time. Emergency Response - Police may borrow four wheel drive vehicles from other city departments to respond to calls. Ambulances and fire trucks, due to the specialized nature of their vehicles, often must be accompanied by snow plows to respond to calls on secondary and neighborhood roads. COLLATERAL DAMAGE COLLATERAL DAMAGE: FLOODING 0 19 Power outages Road closures Downed tree limbs or other debris Most Lansing floods have occurred in late winter or early spring, brought on by melting snow and ice. The amount of water that will accumulate as snow melts (snow -water equivalent or SWE) is difficult to predict. Many factors, including snow accumulation, snow density, temperature, and weather patterns affect SWE. Generally, heavy, wet snow, and rapid snowmelt caused by sudden temperature increase or rains, will be more likely to cause flooding than fine light snow that melts gradually over several weeks. On the other hand, quickly rising temperatures may prevent ice jams, another major contributor to spring flooding in Slower emergency Lansing. response times SNOW EMERGENCIES The Federal Emergency Management Agency's snow emergency policy does not require local jurisdictions to follow the disaster declaration process in order to receive federal reimbursement for expenses. After the December 2000 blizzard Lansing received reimbursement for snow removal costs under this policy, even though no disaster declaration was made. 27 PREPAREDNESS Because of its position in the middle of the state, Lansing has a lower average snow fall (50 inches) than communities located closer to the Great Lakes. However, snowstorms that close roads and schools are still a common occurrence. Because of the frequency with which this hazard occurs, the City of Lansing has the equipment and trained personnel to respond quickly and effectively. Snow Removal - The City of Lansing spends an average of 1.2 million dollars each year for snow removal. Snow is generally removed from all major and secondary roads within 24 hours of a snowfall. Neighborhood roads are only plowed following an accumulation of 4 inches or more. Urban Forestry - Lansing also has an extensive urban forestry program to clear branches and trees which might fall in a storm. Winter Weather Awareness Campaign - The Emergency Management Division participates with local broadcasters to promote winter weather awareness week each year in November. This program educates citizens on winter hazards and offers important safety information from local, state and federal agencies. LOCAL EVENTS From January 26-28, 1967, a snowstorm dumped 24 inches of snow in Mid - Michigan, causing Lansing and other area communities to virtually come to a standstill. The storm contributed to 17 deaths across the region. Hundreds of motorists were stranded in their cars and had to be rescued by the National Guard and local law enforcement. The heavy snowfall caused the collapse of roofs on numerous homes and businesses, and shut down public transportation services. Several public shelters were opened to accommodate those stranded by the snow or without heat or electricity due to downed power lines. (Michigan Hazard Analysis, 1999) CONCLUSION January 26-27, 1978 A blizzard dumped 24 inches of snow in Lansing. The State Police closed all area roads and the National Guard was called out. The total snowfall for the month of January 1978 was 34 inches, making it the snowiest month in Lansing's history. On December 11-12, 2000 seventeen inches of snow fell in Lansing, according to local meteorologists. An additional 4.5 inches fell over the next two days. The total snowfall for the month was 33.5 inches, making it the second snowiest month in Lansing history. No deaths and very little damage were attributed to the storm. Storm removal costs totaled hundreds of thousands of dollars. A presidential disaster was declared for much of southern lower Michigan. Snowstorms are a routine occurrence in Lansing. While some storms are worse than others and may require additional resources, the removal of snow, being snowbound, and the process of providing shelter to storm victims are things that Lansing's citizens and emergency service providers have done before and are prepared to do again. Winter weather awareness is the key to keeping Lansing safe in a snowstorm. See ICE & SLEET for additional information on Lansing's urban forestry program. 28 MITIGATION: Weather Warnings NATIONAL A watch is issued in advance and means that there is the possibility of a storm WEATHER SERVICE affecting your area. Keep alert and stay tuned to TV, radio, and other sources of WATCHES & weather information. A warning means a storm is imminent or already occurring. Take appropriate protective action. NWS watches and warnings are WARNINGS communicated to the public through the Emergency Alert System. The Emergency Alert System (EAS) replaced the Emergency Broadcast EAS System in the mid-1990s. The EAS was designed to take advantage of new satellite and cable technology. The new system was implemented by the Federal Communications Commission, the National Weather Service, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Emergency alert messages are automatically received by commercial and cable broadcasters to and immediately displayed on the air. These messages are limited to time -critical information relating to public safety, such as weather and flood warnings as well as civil emergencies. NOAA WEATHER The EAS is also designed to work with NOAA weather radios --radios that RADIO are designed to allow anyone to receive area -specific emergency weather information in their home, directly from the National Weather Service. DOPPLER In 2000 WLNS TV6 installed a Doppler Radar system in Grand Ledge to provide greater radar coverage in Lansing. The National Weather Service has Doppler sites in Grand Rapids and White Lake (near Pontiac), but due to the curvature of the earth the radar beams pass over Lansing at about 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Nothing below that level is visible to National Weather Service Radar. The beam from the new radar site in Mid -Michigan passes through Lansing at an elevation of 400-800 feet and can be adjusted to pass higher or lower based on the weather situation being monitored. The radar is updated every minute, and if it is monitoring only one or two storm cells can update every 5-10 seconds. The beam can also be directed vertically at a particular storm cell and give a three- dimensional slice of the storm, allowing better analysis of the severe weather potential of the cell. WARNING SIRENS The City of Lansing has a system of 20 outdoor warning sirens to alert the public to an imminent hazard. The sirens have two tones: a solid tone used for tornado warnings or other hazards that require immediate sheltering; and a broken "civil defense" tone that would be used only in the event of an enemy attack. Whichever tone is used, citizens should take shelter immediately when the sirens sound and tune to local radio or television for more information. The sirens are tested on the first Saturday of every month at 1:00 p.m. FM City of Lansing Outdoor Warning Siren Locations Take cover and tune in 'Owned and maintained by the State of Michigan 1. Shiawassee & Grand 2. Grand & Lenawee 3. Bingham & Eureka 4. 200 N. Foster 5. Grand River & New York 6. Willow & Logan 7. Northwest & Lafayette 8. 1217 W. Kalamazoo 9. 2500 S. Washington 10. 2600 Hampden 11. 1215 E. Mt. Hope 12. 640 Maplehill 13. S. MLK & Pierce 14. 4200 Wainwright 15. 333 E. Miller 16. 320 S. Walnut" 17. Capitol Complex Plaza* 18. 3119 Stoneleigh 19. 2924 Newark 20. Seaway Drive/Sheffield #1 Fire Station State Journal Building Bingham School Foster Community Center Grand River School Willow School Northwestern School National Guard Armory Dwight Rich Middle School Mt. Hope School Maplehill School Wainwright School North School Lewis -Cass Building Forest View School Harley Franks Middle School Fulton Park 30 ICE & SLEET STORMS A storm that generates sufficient quantities of ice or sleet to result in hazardous conditions and/or property damage. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Hazard/Vulnerability Rating Worst Best Histodcal Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Economic Occurrence Impact Effects LOCAL EVENTS October 27, 1997 - An early winter storm covered Lansing with ice and snow in the early hours of October 27, causing fallen tree limbs and power outages. Power outages affected 45,000 people, but power was almost completely restored by the end of the same day. Although warming weather kept the ice from remaining a problem, cleanup costs for the city cost nearly $150,000. March 14, 1972 - Over an inch of ice blanketed mid -Michigan overnight, leaving thousands without power. Tree limbs were knocked down and several minor fires were attributed to downed power lines. It took more than a month to clean up from the storm. ECONOMIC EFFECTS In addition to road clearing costs, storm damage to trees, power lines and other structures can cause significant economic loss to government, businesses and citizens. Duration Predictability Collateral Damage Available Mitigative Preparedness Public Potential Warning HAZARD DESCRIPTION Although ICE and SLEET present similar hazards, they are two different storms. Sleet is rain that is frozen as it falls, ice storms result when rain freezes as it contacts the surface. Sleet tends to bounce as it falls and does not stick to trees, wires and surfaces the way that ice does. Sleet may accumulate like snow, however and present driving hazards equal to those of ice. Ice and sleet storms occur primarily in the early spring or late fall when precipitation levels are high and temperatures often fluctuate above and below freezing. More than a third of all ice and sleet storms in Michigan between 1970 and 1999 occurred in the month of March. LANSING-WSO-AIRPORT, MI (204641) Overages: 1961-1990 C 3.5 2.5 •.I , 5 _ - 9 ! eft; a ej L 0 5 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Feb Rpr Jun Aug Oct Dec Month of Year n; aJ�s r,�rn Rverage Total Monthly Precipitation See SNOWSTORMS for additional information on winter weather preparedness. 31 POPULATION IMPACT On average, Lansing experiences between 90 and 100 days with freezing temperatures annually. In the early spring and late fall high precipitation and fluctuating temperatures can result in ice or sleet storms. Although injuries from falls and other accidents rise from these storms, the greatest danger from these storms is from their effect on the infrastructure --dangerous road conditions and power outages. COLLATERAL DAMAGE CONCLUSION Power outages The primary impact of ice storms in Lansing is to the infrastructure --power outages, road and school closings, and loss of business due to the weather. Downed tree branches and ice covered roads cause the majority of damage and injuries. Downed power lines can cause fires and the loss of power in cold weather can lead to medical complications from lack of heat or loss of life-support equipment. Pipes may burst, flooding basements or damaging businesses. Downed trees In an extended power outage emergency shelters would be and other debris opened by the Mid -Michigan Chapter of the Red Cross. Road closures See INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE for additional information on power outages. 32 MITIGATION, Urban Forestry Most severe weather events result in fallen tree branches. Even small branches can block roadways and present driving hazards, larger branches can damage homes and cause power outages, and in strong wind events trees may be uprooted entirely. The City of Lansing's urban forestry program is designed to minimize these hazards for all types of weather events. City Forestry Division Daily Operations The City Forestry Division maintains a spring and summer staff of 21 people. The division uses tree - trimming, selection and replacement to minimize damage from severe weather. Personnel are also trained to assess damage and respond to emergencies that may result from debris in a storm. Emergency Operations In the first 12 hours following a disaster, the City Forestry Division will make a survey of all major streets to assess damage and immediate safety needs. Immediate life and safety concerns will be the top priority for service. Crews will then begin clearing streets from largest to smallest. The City will release information to the public advising them what actions to take and how to safely deal with any tree damage on their property. Utility Companies Every power company in Michigan has a tree -trimming program. In Lansing the Board of Water and Light has a program in which all trees that have an impact on their electrical distribution system are trimmed every 5 years. To accomplish this they have contracted seven outside crews along with one additional crew to handle nothing but customer requests for trimming if they endanger the system. They are also able to draw additional crews from Ohio and the Gaylord area to lend assistance during periods of major outages if they are not handling emergencies in their home areas. The Urban-Wildland Interface At one time all of Lansing was part of a vast upland forest. Eight percent of the land in Lansing has been preserved in parks. Nearly two and a half miles of wooded park area stretches along Lansing's eastern border. This forested area, combined with cemeteries, golf courses and other adjacent green space, creates Lansing's primary urban-wildland interface, and our greatest risk of wildfire. Because of the degree of preservation at Fenner there is a natural build up of brush and debris that could contribute to a wild fire in the area. See FIRE for additional information on the urban-wildland interface. 33 EXTREME COLD Prolonged periods of very low temperatures, often accompanied by other extreme meteorological conditions. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 6 2 0 I HIM Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Ecorwmlc Duration Predictability Collateral Available Mitigative Preparedness Occurrence Impact Effects Damage Pudic Potential W aming HAZARD DESCRIPTION EXTREME COLD emergencies are characterized by single digit temperatures, or a -20' windehill for a period of 48 hours or more. These conditions can pose severe and often life -threatening problems to citizens, particularly the elderly, those at risk to heart or respiratory problems, and the homeless. LOCAL EVENTS December 9, 1995 - A cold wave resulted in three deaths by hypothermia in the city of Detroit during the period from the early morning on the 9th through the morning on the I Oth. Two of the deaths occurred on the street, and the third occurred in a van. Low temperatures during that period ranged from three above zero at Detroit, to one above zero at Flint, to one below zero at WSFO White Lake. On the 9th, winds averaging 20 to 25 mph combined with afternoon temperatures in the single digits to produce wind chills of 30 to 35 below zero. PREPAREDNESS Worst Best POPULATION IMPACT Winter deaths related to cold weather: 50% of victims are over 60 years old • Over 75% are males • About 20% occur in the home (Winner Sim rms...the Deceptive Killers, USDCINOAA/NWS, 1991) COLLATERAL DAMAGE The ability to heat homes is the primary concern for the safety of A deep freeze can damage Lansing citizens during an extreme cold event. Many agencies offer underground water and assistance in home weatherization and energy bill assistance, including sewer lines. local utilities, the Tri-County Office on Aging, Michigan Family Independence Agency and Capital Area Community Services. Infrastructure components, such as underground sewer lines, are also vulnerable to extreme cold. In 1994 a deep freeze event in the upper peninsula caused $7 million in damage. Existing codes and standards require infrastructure components be built to withstand extreme temperatures, but it is not cost effective to attempt to completely `disaster -proof' local infrastructure. See EXTREME HEAT for additional information on consumer assistance for energy bills. 34 Wind Chill Chart Q,i= WIND CHILL In 2001 the National Weather Service updated the wind chill index. The new index calculates the wind chill at five feet above the ground, the average height of a human face. The new chart uses more recent knowledge of how heat is lost from the human body as the wind blows over it. MICHIGAN RECORD COLD OUTBREAKS Dates Ave Temp 1 Feb 09 - Feb 12, 1899 -11.0 2 Jan 16 - Jan 19, 1994 -5.1 3 Feb 02 - Feb 05, 1996 -4.8 4 Jan 10 - Jan 13, 1912 -3.3 5 Feb 09 - Feb 12, 1917 -3.2 6 Jan 05 - Jan 08, 1912 -2.1 7 Jan 29 - Feb 01, 1918 -1.6 8 Jan 21 - Jan 24, 1963 -1.6 9 Jan 19 - Jan 22, 1984 -1.4 10 --------------------------------------------- Feb 09 - Feb 12, 1912 -1.0 Longterm Average Feb 1-4 18.2 Midwestern Regional Climate Center CONCLUSION Extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, cause many of the same problems: high energy bills; danger to the very young, the very old, and those in poor health; and stress on local infrastructure. Steps have been taken to protect the infrastructure in extreme temperatures, but an unusually severe event could still disrupt utilities. Many community programs exist to address public health issues in extreme temperatures. These programs are designed to assist those who would otherwise not be able to maintain safe temperatures in their homes during winter weather. 35 EXTREME HEAT Prolonged periods of very high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity or other extreme meteorological conditions. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 8 6 4 2 0 Historical Affected Area Speed of Omet Population Economic Duration Predictability Collateral Available Miligative Preparedness Occurrence Impact Effects Damage Pudic Potent at Warning HAZARD DESCRIPTION Worst Best The definition of EXTREME HEAT varies throughout the country, based on the normal temperatures of the region. In Lansing extreme heat emergencies are characterized by temperatures of 89' or higher for at least 48 hours. These conditions can pose severe and often life -threatening problems to citizens, particularly the elderly, those at risk to heart or respiratory problems, and the homeless. COLLATERAL DAMAGE COOLING POWER? During the winter of 2000/01 California experienced a serious power crisis. A severe heat event would be the most likely cause of a power crisis in Michigan. The likelihood of a brownout in Lansing, even during an extreme heat event, is low. The Lansing Board of Water and Light, under normal circumstances, generates a surplus of power. The BWL has agreements with Consumers Energy and Detroit Edison, and has the ability to purchase power from other parts of the country if necessary. In a worst case scenario, the Board would institute a series of rolling, 15-minute blackouts throughout the city to conserve power. PREPAREDNESS A Cool Thing To Do is a cooperative program launched in 1999 to advise citizens of the potential for extreme heat and offer relief through cooling centers. When extreme heat conditions occur, local television meteorologists notify the Lansing Emergency Management Office, who in turn notifies agencies who will open cooling centers or who offer services to those at risk to heat related injuries. Emergency Management advises local television stations when cooling centers are open and they pass the information back to the public. CATA offers free service for senior citizens to and from cooling centers. The Michigan Family Independence Agency offers a crisis intervention program through the State Emergency Relief (SER) program to help alleviate the dangers of extreme heat for Michigan families. The FIA offers financial assistance to maintain or restore utility service to prevent serious harm to low-income residents. The FIA program also assists with weatherization and energy related home repairs. The Board of Water and Light and Consumers Energy also offer assistance with energy bills that may arise due to extreme temperatures. Extreme Heat Occurrences 1980-1995 Dates Affected Regions Deaths Damage June through East and Midwest Est. 10,000 (in St. $20 billion September 1980 Louis alone 113 June through August East and Midwest Est. 5,000-10,000 $40 billion 1988 July 1993 South and East In Philadelphia alone, $1 billion 118 over a 3-week period July 1995 Midwest and Over 1,000 (in unknown Northeast Chicago alone 465 Note: Deaths include heat stress -related and damage includes crop losses due to drought LOCAL EVENTS Summer, 1988 - The 1988 heat wave began in June with 11 days over the 90' mark, with temperatures reaching 99' on June 25. In July, temperatures continued above normal, averaging 98.20 for six days during the peak of the heat wave, between July 4th and July 10. The temperature reached 100' on July 6. Temperatures continued in the 80s and 90s into August. Over 60 days went by with no significant rainfall, from mid -May to mid -July in Lansing. DROUGHT A drought is a water shortage brought on by a deficiency in rainfall over an extended period of time. It is often difficult to determine the exact beginning and end of a drought, since its effects may accumulate slowly and linger even after the event is generally thought of as being over. In Lansing the effects of drought are less serious than in surrounding agricultural communities. In an extended drought however, water shortages may affect urban areas as well. In an extreme drought water shortages may affect public health. In 1988 a 16 car train derailment near Haslett was blamed on shrinkage of the soil on which the tracks were laid due to the extremely dry conditions. PUBLIC HEALTH Extreme heat in an urban environment can result in the increase of ground level ozone. Ozone develops through the reaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ozone damages crops, forests, and materials such as plastics and ribber. Health effects include eye irritation, decreased vision, increased asthma and chronic lung disease incidence, coughing, dizziness, nausea, and reduced heart and lung capacity. (Source. MI )EO) LANSING PRECIPITATION 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 I 0.5 0; , May June July Aug o Average ■ 2003 ❑ 1988 POWER GENERATION Although Lansing's main power generating station is located at the Moores Park Dam, the dam is no longer used for significant electrical generation. Instead, water from the dam is used to cool the generating station turbines. It would take an extremely severe drought to have any effect on electrical generation. See FIRE for additional information on the effect of drought and "fire weather". 37 WHO IS AT RISK? • In an average year 175 Americans die from heat -related injuries. In the heat wave of 1980 over 1,700 deaths were attributed to the extreme heat in the central and southern states. • On average, heat claims more victims annually than any natural hazard --including tornadoes, earthquakes and hurricanes --except for extreme cold. . • High heat is often accompanied by high humidity. Under normal conditions the body produces sweat which cools the skin through evaporation. In humid conditions evaporation slows and the body must work even harder to maintain a normal temperature. • Men have a higher incidence than women of heat -injury. Men sweat more and therefore dehydrate faster, placing them at risk. • A combination of overexposure to heat and over -exercise is the most common source of heat injury. URBAN HEAT ISLANDS Air pollution, vast stretches of pavement, tall buildings and heavy traffic all contribute to the problems of heat in the city. Poverty is 5 often most prevalent in the inner-city, where these conditions are y likely to hit hardest. Poor ventilation and lack of air-conditioning in homes contribute to the high death rate due to heat in America's ' inner -cities. ; ' v2 a Pollution and the lower air flow in urban areas can also contribute to respiratory problems. The chart to the right shows the difference between urban and rural temperatures in the 1999 Midwest heat wave. Temperatures in Chicago averaged about 5-7 higher at Midway Airport than nearby Aurora, IL. Temperatures in more crowded urban neighborhoods were even hotter. The largest temperature differences were in the late afternoon and evening, as the city sustained the heat while the rural areas were cooling down. In St. Louis during the same time period the temperature difference was less noticeable, an average of 24°, largely due to the fact that the reporting station is located at the airport, which is on the edge of the city. This same factor makes it difficult to track the heat island effect in Lansing. % Relative Humidity Fatigue is possible. Sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exh; Sunstroke, heat cramps and beat exhi Heat stroke/sunstroke highly possible. are possioie. are likely. Heat stroke is possible. urban -Rural Temperature Comparisor, 24-fir Running Mean Difference July 17-31, 1999 Days in Judy 1999 CONCLUSION Lansing is less affected by heat island conditions than many larger cities. A large amount of green space and the presence of two rivers in the downtown area helps to disperse heat. However, extreme heat still presents a problem, particularly for the elderly and those with poor health. Even healthy people doing strenuous work outdoors in extreme temperatures are at risk. Although it is impossible to measure the exact effect, programs like "A Cool Thing to do" combined with public information during times of extreme temperature, have lowered the risk of heat -related casualties in our community. 38 MITIGATION: Special Populations EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS The term special population refers to any group of people who may have difficulty receiving, understanding, or acting upon emergency instructions. This includes the frail elderly, those who speak little or no English, people with disabilities or chronic health problems, and the homeless. 10,000 Lansing residents identified themselves as having a physical disability in the 2000 census. The census bureau estimates that figure to be closer to 17,000 in the non - institutionalized population alone. The census also identified more than 2,700 residents in 1400 households that did not speak English well or did not speak it at all. 300/a 17% 5% LOCAL TASKFORCE Languages Spoken by on -English Speaking Residents 48% ® Spanish ■ Other European Asian/Pacific Other In 2001 Lansing Emergency Management convened a taskforce to look at issues of emergency preparedness for special populations. AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES According to the 2000 census 54 million Americans —one out of every five have a disability. Nearly 4 million need help with everyday activities such as eating or dressing. More than 8 million have limited vision; 130,000 are totally blind. 28 million have hearing loss; 500,000 are completely deaf. 1.5 million use wheelchairs. Another 4 million require other mobility aids, such as canes and walkers. More than 7 million have mental retardation. Many individuals have more than one disability. Source: NOD Emergency Preparedness Initiative The taskforce identified obstacles to emergency preparedness and is working toward solutions. Among the projects underway are development of a special needs sheltering team, a program to identify special needs residents in a disaster area at the time of the disaster, and public education initiatives for the elderly, non- English speaking residents, and those who provide services to the homeless, as well as educating first responders on interacting with special needs residents. 39 TORNADO An intense, rotating column of wind that extends from the base of a severe thunderstorm to the ground. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 8 6 4 2 0 Historical Affected Area Speedof Onset Population Economic Duration Predlctablllty Collateral Available Public Mitigative Preparedness Ocairrenoe Impart Effects Damage Warning Potential HAZARD DESCRIPTION A TORNADO is defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long. Michigan experiences an average of 18 tornadoes and five tornado related deaths each year. Most fatalities occur when people do not leave vehicles and mobile homes. COLLATERAL DAMAGE Utilities and other critical facilities may be damaged. Damage and debris may pose a threat to public health. LOCAL EVENTS On May 21, 2001 18 tornadoes touched down in Michigan. An FO tornado damaged cooling towers at a Board of Water and Light facility and uprooted trees in Eaton County, just west of Lansing. One person was killed in Clinton County when debris hit the truck he was driving. Since 1962, 19 tornadoes have occurred in Ingham County, fortunately resulting in only one death and two injuries. Three of those tornadoes occurred within the City of Lansing. TORNADO MYTHS Worst Best MYTH: Tornadoes don't occur where two rivers meet. FACT: Rivers and valleys have no effect on mature tornadoes. The fact that a specific place where two rivers meet has not been hit by a tornado has more to do with the laws of probability than topography. MYTH: Highway overpasses make good tornado shelters if caught out in your car. FACT: Sheltering under a highway overpass makes you more of a target for flying debris. Also, due to the vortex action of the tornadic winds, the side of the overpass that shelters you from winds as the tornado approaches will be the side hit by the tornado as it moves away. The best shelter outside is a ditch or depression in the ground. MYTH: Windows should be opened before a tornado approaches to equalize pressure and minimize damage. FACT: Opening windows allows damaging winds to enter the structure. Leave the windows alone; instead, immediately go to a safe place. Michigan Tornado Deaths 1950-1998 JAN FEB MAR 0 0 3 t . #A,Y. JUL AUG SEP 3 1 1 OCT NOV DEC 0 1 0 See ICE & SLEET for additional information on debris management. 40 THE FUJITA TORNADO INTENSITY SCALE Intensity Type/intensityF-Scale of Damage Number Descriptor FO Gale tornado 40-72 Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; pushes over shallow rooted trees; dama es si n boards. F1 Moderate 73-112 The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane tornado wind speed; peels surface off roofs, mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned, moving autos pushed off road; attached garages may be destroyed. F2 Significant 113-157 Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes tornado demolished; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped off or uprooted; light object missiles generated. F3 Severe tornado 158-206 Roof and some walls torn off well constructed houses; trains overturned, most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown. F4 Devastating 207-260 Well constructed houses leveled; structures with tornado weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown; and large missiles generated. F5 Incredible 261-318 Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and tornado carried considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile -sized missiles Fly through the air in excess of 100 meters; trees debarked; steel reinforced concrete structures badly damaged; incredible phenomena will occur. F6 Inconceivable 319-379 These winds are very unlikely. The area of tornado damage they might produce would be unrecognizable. Percent of All Tornadoes 1950-1994 by Fujita Scale Class Violent(F4-F5) 1% Source: National Weather Service The Fujita scale rates tornadoes based on the damage they actually do, not the damage of which they are capable. A tornado with winds over 200 miles an hour that touches down in open country rather than a town will only be rated an F2 for the tree and power line damage it does. TORNADO TOP 10 LISTS Source: The Tornado Project Tornado Deaths Killer Tornadoes per 10,000 sq mi as % of all Tornadoes 1. Massachusetts 1. Tennessee 2. Mississippi 2. Kentucky 3. Indiana 3. Arkansas 4. Alabama 4. Ohio 5. Ohio 5. Alabama 6. Michigan 6. Mississippi 7. Arkansas 7. North Carolina 8. Illinois 8. Michigan 9. Oklahoma 9. New York 10. Kentucky 10. Massachusetts Single Killer Tornadoes (Date, State, # Deaths, F-Scale) 1. March 18, 1925, MO -IL -IN, 695, F5 2. May 7, 1840, LA -MS, 317, F? 3. May 27, 1896, MO -IL, 255, F4 4. April 5, 1936, MS, 216, F5 5. April 6, 1936, GA, 203, F4 6. April 9, 1947, TX -OK -KS, 181, F5 7. April 24, 1908, LA -MS, 143, F4 8. June 12, 1899, WI, 117, F5 9. June 8, 1953, MI, 116, F5 10. May 11, 1953, TX, 114, F5 a INGHAM COUNTY TORNADOES Date Time Deaths Injuries Intensi APR 30, 1962 1600 0 0 F1 SEP 20, 1968 0115 0 0 F1 JLY 02, 1973 1500 0 0 F1 JUN 15, 1975 1210 0 0 FO MAR 20, 1976 1555 0 0 F1 APR 02, 1977 1440 0 0 F2 MAR 07, 1983 1615 0 0 FO JUN 27, 1983 1413 0 0 F1 MAY 18, 1984 1930 0 0 FO MAR 31, 1985 1557 0 0 F1 MAY 15, 1985 1900 0 0 FO JLY 15, 1985 0329 0 0 F2 AUG 26, 1986 1637 0 0 F2 AUG 14, 1988 2056 1 0 F2 MAR 27, 1991 1900 0 0 F2 MAR 27, 1991 1928 0 0 FO JLY 07, 1991 1805 0 0 FO SEP 21, 1992 1510 0 0 F1 JLY 04, 1995 1430 0 2 F1 CONCLUSION Tornadoes p 20+ T, ❑ 10-19 Michigan's Tornado Alley Although tornadoes are relatively rare events, they are devastating when they occur and the number of tornadoes occurring each year has increased significantly in the last 50 years. The greatest hurdle in mitigating the tornado's destructive potential is the public perception that tornadoes "can't happen here." This is reflected in the lack of legislation requiring safety measures for mobile and manufactured homes, and the low percentage of voluntary measures taken. Early warning, in conjunction with public education, is the most powerful tool in mitigating the effects of tornadoes. The City Emergency Management Office is looking into a partnership with the Board of Water and Light and local department stores to provide affordable NOAA weather radios to the public. The Ingham County LEPC is also planning to provide NOAA radios to all schools in Ingham County. A public education campaign about outdoor warning sirens is also being planned for the 2001 summer severe weather season. NUMBER OF OBSERVED TORNADOES, U_S.A. JANUARY-SEPTEMBER.1953-1999 1400 12CO Li r�{i i 1963 19-'19 1 3 1983 1988 ' 993 1w- i@ 'eFAR See SEVERE WIND for additional information on manufactured home legislation See SNOWSTORMS for additional information on early weather warning. 42 SEVERE WIND 10 8 6 4 2 0 Wind of 58 miles per hour or greater. HazardNulnerability Rating Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Economic Occurrence Impact Effects HAZARD DESCRIPTION Duration Predictability Collateral Available Mitigative Preparedness Damage Public Waming Potential SEVERE WINDS often accompany thunderstorms or other storm events. Severe winds are classified as a wind with a velocity of 58 miles per hour or greater. In a severe wind event, winds may gust to 74 miles per hour (hurricane velocity) or greater. Straight-line winds are responsible for most thunderstorm damage. A downburst is a straight-line wind caused by a small area of air descending rapidly beneath a thunderstorm, causing winds that may be in excess of 100 mph. Downbursts can equal the damaging forces of a tornado. LOCAL EVENTS May 17, 1999 - A powerful straight line wind storm swept across Michigan. Wind gusts up to 120 miles per hour were reported on the west side of the state. In Lansing, I-496 was temporarily closed when several utility poles, designed to withstand 100 mph winds, were downed. Interruptions to communications and power presented difficulties to emergency responders, three house fires were caused by the storm and 27,000 people lost power. Downed power lines and trees caused problems for several days. Costs of the storm in Lansing totaled nearly a million dollars. Other severe wind events occurred in May and November of 1998, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars and causing power outages in over 50,000 homes. Worst Best COLLATERAL DAMAGE Power outages Downed trees and other debris h _ i (tt `�} l , r Storm Damage from 5/99 wind storm 43 THUNDERSTORM EFFECTS When a severe thunderstorm collapses, an outrush of wind near the ground, called a downburst, occurs. Strong downbursts can cause considerable damage. Although they are relatively rare, they are much more common than tornadoes. Because they are small and short-lived, they are difficult to detect. Downbursts are divided into two categories. Macroburst — Swath of damaging wind is 2.5 miles or more wide. Microburst — Swath of damaging wind is less than 2.5 miles wide. The initial stage of a downburst begins as the wind surges from the cloud base. The second stage, called the "impact" stage, occurs when the downburst makes contact with the ground and begins to spread outward. Expect the strongest wind speeds shortly after the downburst hits the ground. The impact stage is also the most dangerous stage for aviation as aircraft caught in the strong winds may see wing lift decreased, possibly causing the plane to stall and crash. "Dissipation," the final stage, occurs when the downburst spreads out and weakens. Beware, other downbursts may form later. (NOAA?NWS Basic Spotter's Field Guide) CONCLUSION LAWS & REGULATIONS Michigan Manufactured Housing Commission Administrative Rules R125.1602. Subsection 5 Requires new manufactured home installations in the floodplain to be structurally anchored to a foundation. Administrative Rules R125.1605 through R125.1608 outline state anchoring standards. No state or local laws or ordinances currently require anchoring of manufactured housing outside of the floodplain. MITIGATION Public Education - Severe Weather Safety week is declared annually by the governor. Lansing Emergency Management uses this week to promote severe weather awareness and safety through news releases and special programs with schools, community groups and local media. Urban Forestry - The most severe wind storm damage generally comes from downed trees and branches. Lansing's urban forestry program is designed to minimize this damage through regular trimming of trees on city property and right-of-ways. A downburst is the most common type of severe weather occurrence in Michigan. Downbursts and straight line winds can be as destructive as tornadoes and mitigation efforts are the same for both of these hazards:public education and timely severe weather warnings. Letting people know what may occur and how they can protect themselves and their property is the key to mitigation of severe wind damage. See ICE & SLEET for additional information on urban forestry. 44 FLOOD 10 8 6 4 2 0 The overflowing of rivers, streams, drains and lakes due to excessive rainfall, snowmelt, or ice. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating Historical Affected Area Speed of Population Economic Duration Predictability Collateral Available Mitigative Preparedness Occurrence Onset Im pact Effects Damage Public Potential HAZARD DEFINITION Warning Worst Best FLOODING in Lansing is caused by rainfall, snowmelt or ice jams. Floods on the Grand River, the Red Cedar River and Sycamore Creek affect residential and businesses areas across the city. The National Flood Insurance Program has also identified flood plains along Pawlowski Creek (also called the Mud Lake drain) between Sycamore Creek and Mud Lake. There are several factors that impact the severity of flooding. • The amount of precipitation received within a time period. Heavy rain in a short period of time may overwhelm the ability of normal systems —storm sewers, ground absorption, or even the flow of the river --to dispose of the water. Greater than normal amounts of precipitation over a long period of time will cause gradual flooding, more predictable, but no less damaging. • Where the rainfall occurs. Whether the rain falls upstream, downstream or locally affects both the nature and the predictability of the event. • Ground saturation. The ground can only absorb so much water, and it can only absorb it so quickly. If the ground has already been saturated by previous rainfall or snowmelt, water will run off into streets and rivers. A fast, heavy rain event will also cause runoff flooding, often even if the ground is dry, because the ground is unable to absorb the volume of water quickly. URBAN FLOODING Because of the number of structures and large paved areas in an unban environment, the ground is less able to absorb precipitation and a greater amount of runoff occurs. A heavy rain may cause problems, even without riverine flooding. In a fast, heavy rainfall: 45 1. Low lying areas flood 35 30 2. Storm sewers are overwhelmed, water begins to 25 back up through manholes and grates 20 15 3. Water backs up into homes through basement 10 drains 5 4. Riverine flooding may occur Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Oct Nov Lansing Floods by Month of Occurrence 1900-2000 See DAM BREAK for additional information on flooding. 45 FLOOD PLAIN �f'I ��� b �12 - � i -•�-�° j � —.-- a —ter WE } 1 -� v.W.� Sill ® v.t�,aa fw a i i �M +��1 �wJ -a �._ _ � � � 1� }n►�F >•yr - " #yam -- .aapr sa Y,y.} rpi7 f :art a •� __� - w"^ ^"sL ) r-11�: to vi 4w.iW},b SOm S}4GwwarSAd .} I -. r[}Yc..} WLYCiC i �eOf�a� - fwaYr. lw '- lafp frnf rmr 7 Is R681 IAZAII UTAI 100 Year Flood Plain Food Dojo --. This map is intended only to give the "-' general area that may be affected by a R ° flood with a 1/100 chance of occurrence each year. Contact the Lansing Emergency Management Office for - more detailed information. wlr.r rar ® / r Ij i d �al vrwyaa l 18 ` `i f. LOCAL EVENTS March 25, 1904 - A massive ice jam combined with heavy rains caused serious flooding on the Grand and Red Cedar Rivers, washing away five bridges, killing one person and causing fires in local businesses. Over 200 homes were flooded. Damages totaled over $100,000 (1.7 million today). Disaster assistance was limited to a relief committee formed by City Council, but very few requests for aid were made. April 5, 1947 - The Grand and Red Cedar Rivers crested at more than five feet over flood level. More than 100 city blocks and nearly 600 homes were flooded. Damages totaled over $3,000,000 (24.8 million today). Although the city water supply was not contaminated, residents in flooded areas were advised to boil drinking water and the County Health Department offered free inoculations to prevent outbreak of typhoid and other diseases. The Red Cross opened shelters and provided workers to fight the flood and assist with recovery. Industry was again hard hit. April 20, 1975 - The Grand and Red Cedar Rivers crested at four and six feet above flood level, respectively. Thousands of people were evacuated, basement walls collapsed and I-496 was blocked by a mud slide. Although the flood was not as extensive as the 1947 event, flood waters killed three people and damages were estimated at $50 million dollars (164 million today). 800 families were evacuated from their homes, 18 had flood insurance. 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Designated floo 500 Year Flood 22.37 Feet 100 Year Flood 19.37 Feet 50 Year Flood 18.07 Feet 10 Year Floi 14.07 Feet 1904 1947 1975 Lansing Flood Damage in Millions of Dollars By current dollar values Historic Floods 01904 18.60 Feet 01947 15.59 Feet 01975 15.43 Feet Flood Levels on the Grand River at Lansing The Rising Cost of Flooding The chart at the left shows the damages reported in the last three major floods, by today's dollar values. Rising population and technological advances have contributed to the increased cost of flooding. The 1975 flood was less severe than the 1947 event, but dollar amount of damages increased exponentially. The cost of damages rises because we have more to damage. 47 Moores Park in 1947 Flood (above) and today Moores Park School swimming pool in background Photos courtesy of Lansing Board of Water and Light POTTER PARK ZOO Animal He 917 34VIN Binturongs Bird & ROotile ? Gardens F'Ot"1C1 Campground P41 POTTER PARK ZOO Bald Eagles Potter Park Zoo was constructed in 1917 along the Red Cedar River. The 100 year flood elevation at this location is 835.5 feet. Much of the zoo site is below this elevation. The entire site slopes in a southern and easterly direction towards the river. There is approximately eighteen feet of grade change from the highest point on the north to the lowest point on the south. The park outside of the zoo and part of the parking lot frequently flood in the spring. The entrance to Potter Park becomes impassable in five year flood conditions and is sandbagged to prevent flooding on Pennsylvania Avenue. Before 10 year flood conditions are reached flooding on Pennsylvania Avenue cannot be prevented and the road is closed. In 10 year flood conditions or greater, zoo employees or emergency workers would enter the zoo using the Dakin Street bridge. Animals would also be evacuated using this alternate route. Although the bridge is normally closed to motor vehicles, it has been certified for the weight of the trucks needed to move larger animals from the zoo if necessary. Reciprocal agreements are in place with other zoos in the area to house animals temporarily. All animals that would constitute a serious threat to the public are housed outside of the 100 year flood plain. d a INFRASTRUCTURE The chart below shows the elevation of city bridges in feet above sea level, along with the river levels at the 10 and 100 year flood level at those locations. Grand River Bridge Elevation MY 100y Riverwalk 830.5 826.7 832.2 Island Street 836.0 826.5 833.0 RR Bridge 834.8 826.4 832.8 Elm Street 837.6 826.0 832.0 Bridge (??) 828.6 826.0 832.0 Washington Avenue 841.8 826.0 831.6 496 East 847.7 825.5 830.8 496 West 848.1 825.5 830.8 Kalamazoo Street 840.2 824.9 830.0 Michigan Avenue 838.4 824.1 829.8 Shiawassee Street 845.8 823.5 829.2 Pedestrian Bridge 831.0 823.5 829.2 Saginaw Street 831.6 822.6 828.6 Oakland Avenue 836.0 822.3 828.4 W. Grand River Avenue 827.8 821.4 826.4 N. Grand River Avenue 827.0 819.6 825.6 ML King Boulevard 839.4 818.4 823.8 RR Bridge 826.7 817.5 822.8 Waverly Road (north) 817.1 813.5 818.2 50 Red Cedar River Bridge Elevation MY 100y Riverwalk 824.5 832.0 Elm Street 837.7 826.0 832.0 Cedar Street 827.0 833.0 Beech Street 832.6 827.0 833.0 RR Bridge 830.1 827.2 833.8 RR Bridge 827.4 835.0 Pennsylvania 827.8 835.5 Aurelius Road 828.1 835.7 Riverwalk 836.0 RR Bridge 828.5 835.5 rRi Bridge 829.0 836.0 Sycamore Creek Bridge Elevation l0y 100y Mt Hope Avenue 829.5 836.0 Cavanaugh Street 836.5 837.0 Aurelius Road Jolly Road 836.0 838.0 51 2 I N. Waverly jj 13 q L1 J 3 -� I i.. `rl Riverwalk �*r i r , I f �"�= y Beech St I t-t-�T- � RR Bridge _- RR Bridge [ a) i r Pennsylvania' Bridges closed in 100y flood conditions Roads closed in 100y flood conditions i I t11aI 1jY �L� +I , RR Bridge , Mount Ho e P A��•.I� i. IMPACT OF FLOODING ON INFRASTRUCTURE 52 Major Road Closures in a 100 Year Flood ROAD CLOSED FROM TO RIVER 1 Techumseh River Drive Kuerbitz Northwest Grand 2 Techumseh River Drive Darby Ed ebrook Grand 3 Willow Seymour the Grand River Grand 4 E. Grand River Capitol Center Grand 5 Oakland N. Grand River Cedar Grand 6 Sa inaw N. Grand River Pennsylvania Grand 7 Cedar Monroe Shiawassee Grand 8 Larch Monroe Erie Grand 9 Kalamazoo Grand Cedar Grand 10 I-496 Grand Larch Ramp Grand Red Cedar 11 Cedar Kalamazoo Baker Red Cedar 11 Larch Kalamazoo Baker Red Cedar 12 S. Pennsylvania Hazel Pershing Red Cedar 13 Michi an Kipling City Limits Red Cedar 14 Kalamazoo Fairview City Limits Grand Red Cedar 15 Aurelius Walsh Wabash Red Cedar Sycamore Creek 16 Mount Hoe Harding City Limits Red Cedar Sycamore Creek 17 Cavanaugh Tranter Aurelius Sycamore Creek 18 Jolly Tranter Dunkel Sycamore Creek 19 1 Aurelius Worden Miller Sycamore Creek Gauge reading @ Farm Lane Flood Levels at Kalamazoo and Michigan @ US-127 Flood depth west side of Kalamazoo Flood depth west side of Michigan Below 9 828.4 0 0 9.1 828.5 0 0 9.6 828.9 .5 0 10.0 829.9 1.4 0 10.5 831.2 2.7 0 11.0 832.5 4.0 1.0 11.5 833.5 5.0 2.0 12.0 834.2 5.7 2.7 12.5 834.7 6.2 3.2 13.0 835.2 6.7 3.7 13.5 837.7 7.2 4.2 14.0 836.2 7.7 4.7 14.6 836.E 1 8.1 5.1 Source: Lansing Ti4p Floodplain Development Feasibility Study 1998 URBAN DALE The Urbandale area of Lansing is located north of 496 and west of US-127. Approximately 85% of all of the people who live in the flood zone in Lansing live in this area. The source of flooding in Urbandale is the Red Cedar River, which overflows its banks just east of US-127 in flood conditions. The highways create a natural dike around Urbandale, breached only by Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo Street and the storm sewers that run through the area. Sandbagging at the viaducts at Michigan and Kalamazoo would give the area at least partial protection, if a mechanism were in place to close the sewers when needed. The chart at the left shows flood elevations in relationship to readings from the USGS gauge located upstream at Farm Lane in East Lansing. 53 ECONOMIC EFFECT Flood costs have increased exponentially over the last 100 years. Greater population concentration, increasingly expensive technology, and higher standards of living and doing business have given us more to lose, while increased urbanization has lessened the ability of the land to handle water. Regular home and business insurance does not cover flood loss. Lansing is a participant in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Anyone who finances a home in Lansing through a federally regulated lender must purchase flood insurance if their home is located in the flood plain. The program is open to everyone in Lansing. Currently there are 386 policies active in Lansing, for a total coverage of over thirty million dollars. There have been 115 claims to date, providing about $166,000 in reimbursement for flood damages. COLLATERAL DAMAGE Flooding in industrial areas can lead to the release of hazardous materials. PREPAREDNESS The levels of the Grand and Red Cedar Rivers are closely monitored by local agencies and the National Weather Service. Flood watches and warnings are issued through the Emergency Alert System. Although many businesses and homes remain in the flood plain, an effort has been made in Lansing to set apart land along the two rivers for parks and recreational areas. Homes and buildings that were built in the flood zone before the current codes were in effect are required to upgrade to current code whenever changes or additions are made to those structures. CONCLUSION Flooding is a year round hazard in a river community. The threat of flooding from rain, snow, ice, and dam break will always exist. In the past 100 years Lansing has experienced four major and several minor floods. Steps have been taken to minimize damage to structures within the 100 year flood zone through public education and adoption of NFIP standards. Our Public Service Department closely monitors river levels and maintains contact with Emergency Management during flood watches. Although we cannot remove the threat of flooding, we can, through ongoing public education, continue to increase our community's preparedness to face this hazard. See SNOWSTORMS for additional information on early weather warning. 54 SOURCES - PUBLICATIONS Tornadoes .... Nature's Most Violent Storms - American Red Cross /NOAA 1992 Flash Floods and Floods. -The Awesome Power - American Red Cross /NOAA 1992 Winter Storms ... The Deceptive Killers - American Red Cross/NOAA 1992 Thunderstorms and Lightning... The Underrated Killers - American Red Cross/NOAA 1994 UNDERSTANDING RIOTS, David D. Haddock and Daniel D. Polsby, The Cato Journal, Vol. 14, No Michigan State Plan 2000 Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (MI FIA 1999) Ingham County's Surface and Groundwater Resources (Ingham County Health Dept 2000) State of Michigan Hazard Analysis (Michigan State Police Emergency Management Division) MDEQ 1998 Air Quality Report for Michigan IBHS Natural Hazard Mitigation Insights - Urban Wildfires (1996) IBHS Natural Hazard Mitigation Insights - Tornadoes IBHS Natural Hazard Mitigation Insights - Wind Resistant Roof Coverings MDOT 1999 Airport Statistics Report Lansing State Journal 8/30/2000 - "Hispanics, Asians key to growth in nation" Lansing State Journal4/18/1995 - "When the Waters Rose" Lansing State Journal4/21/1975 - "Floodwaters Wreck Area; Three Dead" Lansing State Journal6/26/1998 - "Storm turns out lights on baseball" Lansing State Journal4/21/1993 - "Rains soak Lansing area" Lansing State Journal4/17/1995 - "Blast Leaves 22 Homeless" Lansing State Journal3/14/1972 - "Ice Blanket Paralyzes Area" Lansing State Journal3/15/1972 - "Ice Storm Damage Soars" Lansing State Journal7/7/1988 - "Hot Times" Lansing State Journal7/19/1988 - "Showers Won't End Drought" Lansing State Journal7/20/1988 - "Drought gets some blame in train spill" Lansing State Journal4/6/1947 - "City Battles Worst Flood in 40 Years" The State Republican 3/25/1904 - "Fires, Drowning and Wrecked Bridge Result of River's Awful Rampage" WEBSITES National Climactic Data Center Archives - http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/ Storm Prediction Center - http://www.spc.noaa.gov/ The Tornado Project - http://www.tornadoproject.com/ Institute for Business and Home Safety - http://www.ibhs.org/ Lansing Board of Water and Light - http://www.lbwl.com Consumers Energy - http://www. consumersenergy.com Midwestern Regional Climate Center - http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/ National Weather Service - http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ US Census Bureau - http://www.census.gov/ Michigan Department of Transportation - http://www.mdot.state.mi.us/ Michigan Public Service Commission - http://www.cis.state.mi.us/mpsc/ The Inflation Calculator - http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center - http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/ Michigan Department of Community Health - http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/ US Department of Agriculture Food Safety & Inspection Service - http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ Ingham County Health Department - http://www.ingham.org/hd/health.htm OTHER Lansing Board of Water and Light archives WILX TV 10 Meteorology Archives WLNS TV 6 Meteorology Archives City of Lansing Wellhead Protection Program 1999/2000 Lansing Tier Two Submissions 55 0 D i •.000 127 ty a' Ll 43- s ■ � � � — 43 r TILI�. • MEMBRANE 127 '40 am 7 • �.-- . x •4 \ .. - I rf S• F I rV- ,,• j j �, it ,11# T i .- ss I i, ..._.- ,...t �_ _ is_.T-. Hazardous Materials Site (EHS) j 1A- Urban/Wildland Interface i f Dam • Concentration of Critical Facilities ■■■ Railroad TECHNOLOGICAL Proposed Liquid Petroleum Pipeline HAZARDS Groundwater vulnerabilities 56 TERRORISM An intentional, unlawful use of force, violence, or subversion against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political, social, or religious objectives. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 Historical Affected Area Speed of On sal Population Economic Duration Predictability Collat" Available Public Mitigative Preparedness Occurrence Impact Effects Damage Warning Potential HAZARD DESCRIPTION TERRORISM has many forms: domestic and international; religiously, environmentally, or politically motivated; accomplished with biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear or explosive weapons; even cyberterrorism. Plans and materials for making weapons of mass destruction are available to virtually anyone over the internet, effectively putting them into the hands of anyone with the means and motivation to use them. RECENT EVENTS COLLATERAL DAMAGE Because terrorism is intentional there is a greater likelihood of a worst case occurrence than with an ordinary release of a chemical, biological or radiological agent, such as a chemical spill or infectious disease outbreak. It has been called "hazmat with attitude." September 25 - November 16, 2001 - At least four anthrax laced letters were sent to media and political figures. 23 people contracted the disease and five died. The attacks generated more than 15,000 hoaxes and hundreds of thousands of false alarms. September 11, 2001 -More than 3,000 people died when hijackers crashed three jet airliners into the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon, and a thwarted airliner crashed in Pennsylvania. July 27, 1996 - A bomb exploded at a concert at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, killing one person and injuring 118 others. October 9, 1995 - Sabotage of railroad tracks near Hyder, Arizona caused a 12-car Amtrak passenger train to derail, killing one passenger and seriously injured 12 others. On April 19, 1995 - A truck bomb exploded outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people (including many children) and injuring 500 others. Property damage totaled hundreds of millions of dollars. February 26, 1993 - A truck bomb exploded in the parking structure at the World Trade Center in New York City, killing six and injuring 1,000. 57 CBRNE FEASIBILITY Chemical Weapons Chemical weapons have been in use since World War I. They have already been used by terrorists, although with minimal effectiveness. Chemical agents are easy to obtain and relatively easy to disseminate. We must assume that any future attacks with chemical weapons will be more effective. An alternative to obtaining a chemical agent would be to sabotage an existing chemical storage facility. Chemicals released from fixed facilities in our area would be less effective than any traditional chemical weapon. It may be possible to sabotage a train carrying a more dangerous chemical, but there could be no certainty that the intended chemical would actually be released in an effective way. Chemical attacks are largely dependent on appropriate weather conditions. A change in temperature, wind speed, or humidity can easily influence the effectiveness of the attack. In a closed area like a mall the attack would be more likely to succeed. Biological Weapons Because of the nature of biological weapons, a biological attack may go unnoticed for hours or days. If the biological agent were dispersed near a transportation hub, it could be spread across the country before the symptoms began to appear. There are a number of biological agents that are known to have been weaponized. Smallpox, anthrax, botulism, tularemia, plague, and viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Marburg and Ebola are considered the most likely agents to be used by terrorists. These agents are known to be relatively easy to obtain, they are easy to disseminate and, with the exception of anthrax and botulism, can be easily transmitted from person to person. They also require a resource intensive response, creating maximum impact on the healthcare system. Radiological Weapons There are means, including dirty bombs, by which terrorists could cause a large scale release of radiation without a nuclear blast. Attacks on nuclear plants or on radiological materials in transport could cause mass casualties and long term health and environmental problems. It is also possible that an attack on the power grid could cause a catastrophic failure at a nuclear power plant. However, all nuclear plants have primary and secondary power backup systems to allow time to shut down and cool the reactor if the power is out for an extended period of time. The possibility of both backup systems failing simultaneously is remote. Nuclear Weapons While it is considered unlikely that a terrorist organization could produce an nuclear warhead, it may be possible for such a group to obtain small nuclear bombs. These "suitcase bombs" were produced by the US and Russia during the Cold War and have about a 10 kiloton yield. These are not dirty bombs which simply spread radiation by means of a conventional explosion, but weapons which produce a nuclear blast, with accompanying thermal radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and fallout. Explosive Weapons Nearly all successful terrorist attacks have utilized explosive devices, from small homemade bombs to truck bombs and hijacked aircraft. Explosives can be obtained with a minimum of cost or developed and used with a minimum of scientific knowledge. Individual suicide bombers have been used very effectively in the Middle East. They could potentially be used in the United States. See NUCLEAR ATTACK for information on the effects of nuclear weapons 58 NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL & CHEMICAL TERRORISM 1972 Typhoid 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-03 E\,ents 1 4 16 2 Dead 0 0 19 5 Injured 0 800 5700 23 1 1985 Cyanide _.. __ ....... 1984 Salmonella 1991 800 Injured Ricin 1980 Botulinum 1989 1992 Botulinum C snide s� June 1994 Sarin 1990 Botulinum 7 Dead, 280 Injured 1993 Botulinum Anthrax March 1995 Botulinum April 1995 Sarin May 1995 Plague June 1996 Uranium April -June 1995 Cyanide, Phosgene, Pepper Spray OR , r March 1995 Sarin 12 Dead, 5500 Affected Until the 2001 anthrax attacks, all incidents of chemical and biological terrorism in the US were planned or carried out by domestic terrorists, most by right-wing, white supremacist groups. December 1995 Ricin February 1997 Chlorine 14 Injured November 1995 Radioactive Cesium 2001 Anthrax 5 dead 23 Injured January 2003 Ricin April 1997 U235 Date I Group Target Country Dead Injured Weapon Description 1970s — i event no fatalities no injuries 1972 Order of the Rising Sun Illinois and five USA 0 0 Typhoid, College students who initially wanted to kill off most of the world's 1 surrounding states other agents population and start over with a select few 1980s — 4 events 1 successful attack no fatalities 800 injuries 1980 Red Army Faction West Germany France 0 0 Botulinum A laboratory was reportedly discovered in a house belonging to the group, which had a Marxist ideology 1984 Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh The Dalles, OR USA 0 800 Salmonella Religious cult, tried to seize control of local government by incapacitating voters prior to election 1985 Covenant Group Unknown USA 0 0 Cyanide Arkansas based right-wing,white supremacist 1980 Bader Mainhof West Germany France 0 0 Botulinum A laboratory was reportedly discovered in another Paris home, eventually linked to a German group 1990s — 16 events 2 successful attacks 19 dead approxirnatelV 5700 inured or affected April Aum Shinrikyo Toyko Japan 0 0 Botulinum A vehicle equipped to spray a cloud of toxin drove around 1990 government buildings in Tokyo 1991 Minnesota Patriots Council Federal Agents USA 0 0 Ricin Right-wing militia planned to kill Federal Agents after being charged with tax violations 1992 Neo-Nazis Synagogue Germany 0 0 Cyanide Attack was thwarted by German police June Aum Shinrikyo Tokyo Japan 0 0 Botulinum Another vehicle attack on the imperial palace during the Crown 1993 Prince's wedding June Aum Shinrikyo Tokyo Japan 0 0 Anthrax Anthrax was sprayed from a mid -rise building in downtown Tokyo, 1993 1 animals were killed but no human injuries were reported. June Aum Shinrikyo Matsumoto Japan 7 280 Sarin A converted refrigerator truck was used to disperse Sarin near the 1994 homes of judges who were hearing a case involving a cult member Mar Aum Shinrikyo Tokyo Japan 0 0 Botulinum Plan to use briefcase based sprayers to spread toxin in Tokyo 1995 subway was foiled by cult member Mar Aum Shinrikyo Tokyo Japan 12 5500 Sarin An attack in a Tokyo subway caused deaths, injuries, and 1995 thousands of "worried well". The objective was to kill as many lice officers as possible. April Unknown Disneyland USA 0 0 Sarin A threatened attack on Disneyland did not occur. 1995 Apr- Copy cat attacks Japan 0 0 Phosgene, June Cyanide, 1995 Pepper spray May Aryan Nations Unknown USA 0 0 Plague An individual with ties to Aryan Nations and other right-wing 1995 groups attempted to purchase plaque through the mail June Individual Unknown Germany 0 0 Uranium Slovak man arrested crossing into Germany 1995 Nov Chechen Separatists Moscow Russia 0 0 Cesium Terrorists notified authorities of the bomb, which consisted of 1995 cesium and explosives, and threatened further attacks none came Dec Individual Unknown USA 0 0 Ricin Arkansas man arrested crossing into Canada from Alaska carrying 1995 130g of Ricin. He was later linked to Neo-Nazi and survivalist groups. Feb Unknown Sydney Australia 0 14 Chlorine Two unsophisticated devices released chlorine fumes in shopping 1997 centers 1997 1 Unknown I Unknown I Russia 1 0 0 Uranium-235 I Group arrested in Russia while trying to sell stolen Uranium 2000 to present— 2 events 1 series of successful attacks 5 dead 23 injured 2001 Unknown Media and USA 5 23 Anthrax Anthrax laced letters mailed to media and politicians contaminated politicians mail sorting facilities mail and offices where letters were delivered 2003 Unknown Unknown UK 0 0 Ricin Men with suspected ties to AI-Qaida were arrested for developing Ricin PREPAREDNESS There have been a number of federal initiatives to promote terrorism preparedness, including the development and funding of the Regional Response Team Network (RRTN). The network is intended to enhance existing hazmat and technical rescue teams and make them available to respond to a terrorist event anywhere within their designated region. The Lansing Metro Team has been designated as an RRTN team. The team is made up of responders from Lansing, East Lansing, Delta Township and Meridian Township. They may eventually be called on to respond anywhere in Mid -Michigan, or to assist RRTN teams in other regions. There are currently 14 teams in Michigan's Regional Response Team Network. LOCAL EVENTS The events that have occurred in Mid - Michigan in recent years have been relatively small and have centered on the Michigan State University Campus December 31, 1999 an animal rights group set fire to the Ag Hall at MSU and in 2002 an individual sent a letter purporting to contain anthrax. The letter proved to be a hoax. There have been no deaths associated with any terrorist attack in the Lansing area, but a great deal of property damage has been done and the expense to responding agencies has been significant. CONCLUSION BIOPORT Bioport is currently the only licensed producer of the anthrax vaccine in the US, although anthrax vaccine is being produced by another lab under contract with Bioport. The risk of an offsite release of anthrax spores from Bioport is negligible. Only a limited number of live spores are stored on site and those are stored in such a way as to make their release into the atmosphere highly unlikely. The greatest threat to the community from Bioport is its value as a terrorist target. An attack on Bioport would most likely use conventional explosives, although its proximity to the airport raises the possibility of use of hijacked aircraft as a weapon. Successful mitigation of a terrorist event will require a coordinated response between emergency responders at all levels of government, as well as many agencies which have not traditionally been considered first responders: public health, public service, and mental health agencies; hospitals and private medical practitioners. Much has already been done to strengthen our ability to respond to a terrorist event, but relatively little has been done toward mitigation of the threat locally. In 2001 an initial assessment was made of critical facilities, but a more in depth analysis is needed, both of potential target sites and of critical infrastructure. Lansing may never be the target of a terrorist attack, but as attacks continue to occur around the world or in the US, our economy and our citizens will continue to be affected by them. Although our preparedness has improved, there is much more that can be done. See HAZMAT for information on the Lansing Metro Response Teams 61 MITIGATION: B*1oterror*ism There are a number of federal agencies providing funding and coordination for bioterrorism preparedness at the local level. In our area these efforts are being coordinated by the District One Regional Medical Response Coalition. The Coalition is developing plans and procedures, in cooperation with local, state and federal government, to address bioterrorism issues for traditional first responders, public health, hospitals, laboratories, and health care providers. Bioterrorism is unlike other terrorist activities in the fact that it may go unnoticed for hours or days after the attack begins. There is no explosion, chemical cloud or other visible sign that an attack has taken place. The event may only be recognized after victims begin to flood the medical system. Recognition of and response to the event is are the key focus areas for bioterrorism planners . To ensure timely recognition of a bioterrorism event, they intend to link public health, hospitals and healthcare providers into a computer system that will recognize a potential problem based on symptoms submitted by practitioners. This system will also be helpful in combating naturally occurring outbreaks of disease. Planners are also developing procedures to coordinate between emergency medical responders, hospital personnel, and other healthcare practitioners to best utilize what may quickly become very limited resources. SMALLPDX VACCINATION The use of smallpox as a biological weapon by terrorists is a serious, viable threat in the world today. Smallpox response teams have been developed at the local, state and federal level to respond to an attack. These teams are made up of individuals from a range of public health agencies who have been vaccinated against the disease. Procedures have been developed to vaccinate large numbers of people should an attack actually occur. The vaccine has proven to be an effective prophylactic when given within a few days following exposure. There is enough smallpox vaccine to vaccinate the entire population of the United States if necessary. The vaccine is being offered to the public on a voluntary basis, but the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) states that it is not necessary or advisable for the general public to be vaccinated at this time. In a 1968 survey of 1.6 million people vaccinated in 10 states, there were 968 adverse reactions, including three deaths. The figure also includes reactions in approximately 49 people who did not receive the vaccination, but who came into contact with someone who did. 84% of those who developed complications were receiving the vaccine for the first time. STRATEGIC NATIONAL STOCKPILE The strategic national stockpile is a cache of medications and medical equipment stored at various points throughout the US. The stockpile may be requested by the state in which a biological attack or mass casualty event occurs. The appropriate supplies can be flown or shipped to the affected community within hours to be broken down and dispensed by first responders and medical personnel within the community. See PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES for information on local healthcare capabilities 62 CIVIL DISTURBANCE A public demonstration or gathering, or a prison uprising, that results in a disruption of essential functions, rioting, looting, arson or other unlawful behavior. . 10 s 6 4 2 0 Hazard/Vulnerability Rating • E ? _ - - Best o a a HAZARD DESCRIPTION CIVIL DISTURBANCES are rare and usually arise from other events, such as labor disputes, controversial rallies or judicial proceedings, and high profile sporting events. They may also be a reaction to controversial actions taken by the government, or a perceived injustice. Civil disturbances can quickly overwhelm local resources and the resulting violence may affect communities for decades following the event. RIOT PSYCHOLOGY Experts believe that in order for a riot to occur, participants must believe that they will not be acting alone. The anonymity of the crowd gives them a feeling of security from the normal consequences of their actions. There may also be an element of tradition in modern riots. People gathering following an NBA or NCAA championship game, or following a high profile judicial proceeding, have an expectation that others will be willing to riot because it has happened before. They are more willing to act because they know that they won't be acting alone, lessening their own risk of arrest. (Understanding Riots by David D. Haddock and Daniel D. Polshy, CATO Journal) COLLATERAL DAMAGE Civil disturbances, at their worst, can result in millions of dollars in looting and damages. It may take years to restore affected neighborhoods to their previous level of economic stability. Many areas affected by riots never recover. CONCLUSION The Lansing Police Department would be the lead agency in responding to a civil disturbance. They may request assistance from other area police departments, or in an extreme event the Michigan National Guard. As in any event, however, the local jurisdiction would still maintain control of the incident. There are sufficient resources available to respond to civil disturbance within the city. Resources to recover from such an event are harder to assess. Business continuity planning is one key to lessening the overall impacts of riots on a community. 63 NUCLEAR ATTACK Any event involving the detonation of a nuclear device, resulting in an unrestrained fission reaction causing blast damage within the City of Lansing. HazarclNulnerability Rating ff HAZARD DESCRIPTION Preparedness for NUCLEAR ATTACK was the basis for today's local emergency management structure. During World War II Civil Defense offices were established to prepare for the possibility of enemy attack. These preparations enabled us to respond more effectively to other emergencies and as the Cold War ended all -hazards emergency management took the place of local civil defense. Nuclear attack refers to a weapon capable of a nuclear energy burst, with accompanying radiation. Lansing is considered on of the 24 strategic targets for nuclear attack in Michigan. THE NEW NUCLEAR 1 0 i ratal.M Worst Best The threat of attack by another nation has diminished significantly since the days of the Cold War. Today a nuclear attack is far more likely to come from a terrorist group. The nuclear weapons available to terrorists would most likely be smaller suitcase type bombs that could be easily smuggled into the country. Both Russia and the United States developed this type of weapon during the Cold War. The payload of a Cold War era suitcase bomb is estimated to be between 1 and 10 kilotons —the equivalent of 1,000 to 10,000 tons of TNT. COLLATERAL DAMAGE oO a °d n rs<?�nc� ®R ^i) 1 �'.. nmlr:r mcM,.rala. � DEiPCrt 4[. en d .0. t;� Fx'ets 116C'.! C GryCR -' C�,fiC FGt'0' _-Pla�'IC" '.5".:lFG-ie'LRC:Lvre'C �2at;al _ K EMP disruptionof Acute & chronic health electrical equipment effects rn FaOL D Loss of response Grand River - downriver A capabilities communities, Great x wo ®v Lakes 64 EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS The power of a nuclear blast is described in terms of kilotons —I kiloton is roughly equivalent to the explosion of 1,000 tons of TNT — but the effects of nuclear weapons go far beyond the explosive yield of the weapon. Thermal Radiation - An intense flash of light and heat accompanies a nuclear blast. The light is bright enough to cause flash -blindness at great distances, particularly at night, and can cause skin burns miles away. The temperatures at the center of a nuclear explosion can reach tens of millions of degrees. Although the temperature falls off quickly over distance, serious burns and fires can result at considerable distances. In the nuclear attacks on Japan during WWII, temperatures are believed to have exceeded 3000°F more than a half a mile away. Blast or Shock Effect - The rapid release of energy within a small enclosed space causes an significant increase in temperature and pressure, converting all material in the space to hot, compressed gas. The gas expands rapidly, causing a shock wave in the surrounding air (or water or earth, depending on the where the explosion takes place), creating high winds and crushing changes in air pressure. Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) - A nuclear burst will initially give off a burst of radiation consisting of gamma rays and neutrons. In addition to the damaging effects this radiation has on humans, the large quantity of gamma radiation will be absorbed by the surrounding air and ground and will create a quick pulse of electromagnetic waves. These waves can be picked up by antennas, power lines, railroad tracks, metal fencing and radio towers. The pulse travels through these conductors and damages electronic devices connected to them. The effect is similar to a lightning strike, but with greater energy. The EMP from a high altitude burst would be more damaging over a greater distance than that of a surface burst. It is conjectured that one explosion at a high altitude could severely damage systems throughout the country. It is also likely that a high altitude burst would cause damage to satellites in a low earth orbit. The energy from the nuclear burst could continue to damage any satellite passing through the affected area for up to a year. It is possible to harden systems to make them less vulnerable to an EMP, and much has already been done, particularly in the military arena. Radioactive Fallout - The heat of a nuclear blast forms an updraft of air, usually visible as a mushroom cloud. Millions of vaporized dirt particles are also drawn up in the cloud. As the heat diminishes the radioactive particles condense on the drawn up dirt particles, forming radioactive fallout. The greater the heat of the explosion and the closer to the ground the blast is, the more fallout will be formed. Radioactive fallout will emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation. The fallout from a blast will form a plume similar to that in a chemical release. This plume is subject to the speed and direction of high altitude winds. Precipitation can bring fallout down from the atmosphere, causing greater concentrations in a more limited area. Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) 100 - 450 rem exposure Event 7-14 days 14-21 days 21-28 days 28+ days Acute radiation Latent Phase - Victims Acute Phase - exposure to Preal signs Phase - with lower exposures Symptoms return Patients survivingpopulation Initial signs of ARS feel better recover or die PoP more severely See TERRORISM for information on the feasibility of a terrorist attack using nuclear weapons 65 VULNERABILITY0 : Critical Infrastructure ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) WEAPONS "Users of the new weapons can be criminals, individuals or gangs of narco or domestic terrorists --or a determined, organized, well -funded adversary, either a group or a nation that hates us." Lieutenant General Robert L. Schweitzer, US Army (Retired) addressing the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress on the topic of Radio Frequency Weapons and the Infrastructure - June 17, 1997 THE E-BOMB An E-bomb is a short (hundreds of nanoseconds) but intense electromagnetic pulse designed to damage electrical equipment and systems. The effects of an E- bomb are like those of a lightning strike. The pulse is strongest at its source and weakens with distance. It can produce surges of thousands or millions of volts on exposed systems. Systems containing high density metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) components, including most commercial computer equipment, are especially vulnerable to EMP. Telecommunications equipment, which is often connected with copper cables, is also particularly vulnerable. Railroad controls and signaling, electronic flight controls, security systems, radar, television and radio systems are all potentially vulnerable to EMP damage. RADIO FREQUENCY WEAPONS High power microwave (HPM), ultra wideband (UWB), and low -energy radio frequency (LERF) devices can be used to generate harmful electrical pulses that can effectively target specific systems. PUBLIC INFORMATION It is difficult to predict the actual effect an EMP would have on communications and electrical systems. Since the phenomenon was discovered near the end of the nuclear testing era, little physical data was gathered. In a 1962 nuclear test an EMP damaged electrical equipment 800 miles away and damaged satellites in orbit. It is theorized that communications may be disrupted thousands of miles away for several hours. Low frequency radio communications would be especially susceptible to disruption. The ARKS, which provides key disaster communication services in Lansing, operates on low frequencies and would likely lose function in the event of an EMP. However, they also have the ability to use UHF and VHF, which are less susceptible. Advances in our electrical and communications systems are making components more, not less, vulnerable to electro-magnetic pulse, while the devices used to generate EMPs are becoming more compact and more accessible. Little has been done outside of the military arena to assess or reduce our vulnerability to EMP. Shielding systems is costly and difficult, but may become necessary if terrorists find a way to effectively use radio frequency weapons against us. 66 M 6 Mile �j. .25 Miles Mes� Effects of a 10 Kiloton Nuclear Bomb (surface blast) Fallout Plume subject to direction and speed of high r altitude winds 1 5 Miles '10 Mile EFFECT RANGE MILES AREA S MILES Blast and Thermal Crater (everything vaporized) 0.25 0.19 Destruction of brick structures 0.9 2.5 Destruction of wooden structures 1.5 7 Forest fires (dry conditions 3-6 28-113 Nuclear Radiation Immediate death from initial radiation if unsheltered .5 1 Fallout sufficient to kill persons in the open Fallout plume subject to wind and weather conditions 10 314 PROTECTIVE ACTION The three most important factors in minimizing radiation exposure are time, distance, and shielding. Time - The less time an individual spends in a radiation field, the less radiation they will receive. Distance - The further an individual is from a radiation source, the less exposure they will receive. Shielding - The more material placed between an individual and a radiation source the less exposure they will receive. Even a home basement can provide time, distance and shielding that can lessen the effects of acute radiation exposure. J DECONTAMINATION Radioactive fallout on clothes, shoes and skin will continue to emit radiation, although that radiation will rarely transfer to surfaces touched by an exposed individual. Decontamination is a key step in putting distance between and exposed individual and the radiation source. Generally all that will be required is a change of clothes and a shower. Contaminated items should be treated as any other source of radiation. See RADIOLOGICAL for more information on the response to radioactive fallout. 67 p Hospital O Utilities Government Dam O Fire + Military Mobile Home Park Research © Police p Public Gathering EHS Site ® Helipad RESPONSE ISSUES On any given weekday there are approximately 100,000 people within a mile of the State Capitol. Assuming that they are evenly distributed (25% within .25 miles, 50% within .5 miles, etc.), and that no evacuation of the area occurred, we could expect 69,500 deaths and 16,500 injuries from the detonation of a IOKT device near the Capitol. Hospitals would be damaged, but not destroyed. Two fire stations and one police station, including administrative offices for both departments, and the 911 center, would be destroyed. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% ® Dead ® Hurt 0 Safe 0 0.25 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.5 (distance in miles) Casualties of a l0KT Blast Electricity and phones would not be working and much electrical equipment would have been damaged by the electromagnetic pulse following the blast. Widespread fire, gas leaks and releases of hazardous materials could occur in other parts of the city and outlying areas. Field hospitals would be needed to treat the initial wounded. Further medical resources would be needed as the long -terns effects of radiation are felt. Our existing medical system is not prepared to deal with mass radiological injuries. 68 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Because the Grand River flows through the downtown area, any explosion in downtown Lansing which disperses radiation, whether a dirty bomb or a nuclear device, will have long term effects throughout the Great Lakes region. The intense heat of a large blast could cause the water of the Grand River to vaporize. As the water cooled and condensed it would return to earth, causing a heavy concentration of radioactive fallout in the immediate area. Contaminated soil and debris would be carried by the river until the contaminated particles settled or were filtered out. Radiological source contamination to surface water is normally due to: 1. Fallout of fission products 2. Induced activity in the water and surrounding soils 3. Blow in or wash in of radioactive dust 4. Fallout of unfissioned uranium or plutonium. Surface water that is contaminated can be treated. Since radiation rides on particulants, basic water treatment processes such as coagulation and filtration remove about 90% of the particulants. Additional filtering would be needed to remove heavy sources of iodine 131, strontium 90, and cesium 137. In mid -Michigan groundwater is our primary drinking water source. Wells in the impact zone would be closed down and wells that had not been impacted used. CONCLUSION A significant portion of city, county and state government is located within 1.5 miles of downtown Lansing, the range in which buildings will not withstand the blast from a 10 kiloton nuclear bomb. If enough warning were available, many of the emergency response and decision making functions could be relocated to a safer area, greatly aiding our ability to respond to and recover from a nuclear attack. COMPARATIVE DAMAGE The lower end of the new nuclear threat a 1 kiloton rather than the maximum payload 10 kiloton suitcase bomb —would cause a smaller crater, roughly the size of a city block. Experts project a mortality rate of about 50% in the immediate 3.5 mile area for this type of device. Another possibility is that a small nuclear device could be built by terrorists. Such a device would likely have a much smaller yield, and a lower reliability rate. A device with a .01 kiloton yield would still have a greater explosive impact than the truck bomb used in the attack on the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995. There would also be a significant release of radiation, causing casualties over a greater area. It is not likely that a terrorist organization would be able to obtain or mount a successful attack with a device larger than 10 kilotons. Restoration of infrastructure would be the top priority following a nuclear attack. The emergency management system is built to operate effectively even if a jurisdiction's ability to respond to its own incident is completely destroyed. Regardless of the state of our own infrastructure, response and recovery actions would be taken and the immediate and long term needs of our surviving citizens would be met. Many questions remain, however. How prepared is our electrical and communications infrastructure? What means will be available to communicate with the public? What will the long term environmental effects be on the region? Are we prepared to deal with mass radiological injuries? These are issues that must be addressed as we prepare to face the renewed nuclear threat. e RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS A release of ionizing radiation into the atmosphere from a facility or during transportation; or fallout from a nuclear attack outside of the City of Lansing. HazardNulnerability Rating HAZARD DESCRIPTION Radiological materials are transported regularly through Lansing and are stored at hospitals and research facilities throughout the area. An unintentional release of these materials could present a public health and an environmental risk. An intentional release, due to an attack on a storage facility or vehicle, or through theft of these materials, must also be considered. COLLATERAL DAMAGE Long term Area Denial: environmental Temporary/long- contamination term closure of Chronic health critical facilities due effects to contamination Worst Be st There are four likely scenarios for a radiological release: • Unintentional release from a fixed site • Intentional release from a fixed site (a nuclear power plant would provide the only opportunity for a significant off -site release) • Transportation accident • Detonation of a "dirty bomb" LOCAL EVENTS No offsite release has ever occurred at a nuclear power plant in Michigan. The most serious nuclear incident to occur in the state was in 1966 when a malfunction at the Enrico Fermi Plant caused a meltdown of 1 % of the reactor fuel and released radiation to the reactor containment building. Following the initial shutdown the plant returned to operation for four more years. Fermi Plant 2 was opened at the same site in 1988. 70 OFFSITE RELEASE FROM FIXED FACILITY Location of radiological facilities with potential for offsite release Plant Fermi County Monroe p_ Power reactor Palisades Van Buren Power reactor D.C. Cook 1-2 Berrien Power reactor Davis -Besse Ottawa Co (OH) Power reactor Dow Midland Non -power reactor U of M Washtenaw Non -power reactor and cyclotron Historically, radiological releases have involved an element of human error (Three Mile Island, Dow Chernobyl, Tokaimura). When safety systems are in place and procedures are followed there is very little chance of an offsite radiological release from a Palisades nuclear facility. DC Cook 1-2 Lansing is not in the emergency planning zone for 1 any nuclear reactor. The two closest facilities are non- power reactors being used for research at Dow ® 4 Chemical and the University of Michigan. These are smaller reactors with a minimal risk of offsite release. - RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION Fermi �\� Davis Besse ® 1 ® Power Reactor ® Non -Power Reactor The plume of a radiological release is similar to that of a chemical release. A cloud of radioactive material forms and is moved by wind and air pressure, dissipating over time. However, radioactive fallout (radioactive particles from the plume that settle on surfaces) presents a more serious long- term effects than most chemical residues and may be much more difficult to clean up. The map at left shows the area of most severe radioactive contamination following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. The areas of greatest contamination are the effects of rain falling locally as the plume passed and causing a greater concentration of fallout. Because of the persistence of radioactivity, a significant radiological release will effect a large region, whereas a chemical release is highly localized. See NUCLEAR ATTACK for information on the medical response to radiological incidents 71 DIRTY BOMBS A "dirty bomb" or radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a conventional explosive or bomb containing radioactive material. The conventional bomb is used as a means to spread radioactive contamination. It is not a nuclear bomb and does not involve a nuclear explosion. Any type of radioactive material could be used in a dirty bomb, but in general these devices would be unlikely to cause serious health effects beyond those caused by the detonation of conventional explosives. Impact of a Dirty Bomb In most cases, any immediate deaths or serious injuries would likely result from the explosion itself, rather than from radiation exposure. It is unlikely that the radioactive material contained in a dirty bomb would kill anyone. The radioactive material would be dispersed into the air and reduced to relatively low concentrations, resulting in low doses to people exposed. In addition, most people would be expected to run away from the explosion, further reducing potential exposure. A low-level exposure to radioactive contamination could slightly increase the long-term risk of cancer. However, a dirty bomb could potentially have a significant psychological impact, by causing fear, panic and disruption. Use of a dirty bomb could result in radioactive contamination of an area of a city, up to several city blocks, with low levels of contamination that would require cleanup. The extent of the contamination depends upon a number of factors including the size of the explosive, the amount and type of radioactive material used, and weather conditions. The detectability of radiation is a major asset in reducing health and safety impacts and in evaluating the accident. Cleanup of the contamination could be costly (conceivably running into the millions) and take weeks to months to complete. Response to a Dirty Bomb • Because a dirty bomb explosion could expose people to loose radioactive material in the air, which could be inhaled, people are advised to quickly move away from the immediate area, at least several blocks from the explosion, and tune in to local radio or TV broadcasts for instructions from emergency officials. • Emergency response officials will arrange medical treatment for those injured by the blast, evacuating people from the area, decontaminating those who were contaminated, and assessing any internal or external exposures. It should be noted that the use of potassium iodide would not necessarily be protective in these cases because radioactive iodine is not necessarily the isotope that would be used in these devices. • The affected area will be cordoned off from surrounding areas. Taken from: Fact Sheet on Dirty Bombs, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, July 2002 RISK ASSESSMENT To date, no dirty bomb has ever been used in a terrorist attack. In 1995 Chechen separatists built a dirty bomb containing cesium and explosives and left it in a Moscow park, but it was not detonated. The same group is also believed to be equipped with mortar shells packed with radioactive material, although they are not known to have used them. Al-Qaeda has expressed an interest in dirty bombs for many years. Documents found in Afghanistan in 2003 indicate that they have successfully built a small radioactive dispersal device. The advantages of a dirty bomb attack over explosives alone would be psychological terror and area denial. A large device could cause long-term contamination over a significant area. See TERRORISM for information on the feasibility of radiological weapons 72 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENT Transportation of any kind of radiological material is heavily regulated. Accidents involving vehicles transporting radiological materials have occurred, but to date no significant exposure has resulted. Millions of packages containing radiological material are shipped each year. They range from watches with glow in the dark dials to containers of spent nuclear fuel. Vehicle placards and package labels at an accident scene may be the first indication responders have that radiological materials are present in their community. The risk of a significant, unintentional, release of radiological material during shipment is very low. An intentional release would have to target a large shipment of hazardous cargo, such as spent nuclear fuel, to have a significant effect. It would require a means of breaching transportation safeguards, which increase with the danger of the radiological material involved. From 1979 to 1997 there were 1,334 shipments of nuclear waste in the US. Once the proposed storage site at Yucca Mountain in Nevada is opened in 2010, it is estimated that it will take 2,700 truck shipments, or 475 train and 75 barge shipments over the course of 38 years to move the nuclear waste that is currently being stored at nuclear power plants around the country. The use of explosives or munitions against a train or truck carrying spent nuclear fuel could cause a significant radiological release. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS During the acute phase of a radiological release the primary concern is with airborne radiation and its immediate effect on human beings in its path. In the chronic phase, radioactive contamination to the soil, groundwater and to buildings and materials must be dealt with to minimize ongoing effects to humans. Cleaning up a contaminated area can take weeks or years. Soil and building materials generally cannot be decontaminated and must be removed and stored at another site. Fruits, vegetables and products from animals that were exposed to radiation may not be safe for human consumption. Radioactive particles can be filtered out of water using existing water treatment methods; however, attention must be given to the handling of radioactive byproducts created under those circumstances. A radiological release in the downtown area could make many city and state government facilities unusable. At the city level more must be done to identify and plan for the use of alternate facilities. CONCLUSION PREPAREDNESS All Lansing Fire Department personnel have been trained to a Radiological Awareness level. LFD personnel on the Metro Hazmat Team are trained to Radiological Operations and Technician levels. The Metro Team will provide radiological response throughout the Lansing area. There are four scenarios in which Lansing could be at risk from radiation: an offsite release from a nuclear reactor or a local facility using radiological materials; a release from a vehicle transporting radiological materials; an intentional release from a radiological dispersion device (dirty bomb); or a nuclear attack. First responders are being trained to recognize and respond to a radiological event, but that training must extend to the entire response community if we are to be prepared to effectively deal with this type of event. We do not currently have the capability to treat a large number of radiological casualties. See HAZARDOUS MATERIALS - FIXED SITE for information on radiological response teams 73 HAZMAT INCIDENT - FIXED SITE An uncontrolled release of hazardous materials from a fixed site capable of posing a risk to life, health, safety, property or the environment. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 6 2 0 Intl Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Economic Duration Predictability Collateral Available Public Mitigative Preparedness Occ ,-- Impact Effects Damage W—ing Potential HAZARD DESCRIPTION Worst Best Lansing has more than 40 sites that are regulated under the Emergency Planning and Community Right -to -Know act. These are sites that house HAZARDOUS MATERIALS that are regulated by the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA Title III). Twenty of these facilities use or store chemicals that are considered Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS). Of the 20 identified EHS sites, five are telecommunications facilities and two store car batteries. Because of the way that the chemicals are used at these sites, there is a very low potential for offsite release. COLLATERAL DAMAGE PROTECTIVE ACTIONS LOCAL EVENTS April, 2001 — children playing in a garage in the Moores Park neighborhood found three jars filled with raw elemental mercury. Eight children played with the mercury, contaminating nine homes and the Moores Park Elementary school. One home was condemned due to mercury contamination. If a hazardous material is released emergency responders will determine what protective actions must be taken by people in the vulnerable zone --the area threatened by the release. If time permits and the hazard is severe, evacuation may be advised. Otherwise, instructions may be given to shelter in place --stay indoors, close windows, and shut down ventilation systems until the hazard has passed. Outdoor warning sirens will be activated to notify people in the area that it is not safe to stay outside. The Emergency Alert System will be used to provide additional information through television and radio. See SNOWSTORMS for more information on outdoor warning sirens and the EAS 74 EHS SITES The map on the following page shows the location of Lansing's 20 EHS sites. Where there is a possibility of significant offsite release, the vulnerable zone is also shown. Although the vulnerable zone is shown as a circle, only the area downwind from the release point is likely to be at risk. For planning purposes, vulnerable zones are calculated for catastrophic release of the chemical being stored on a 70' day, with 50% humidity and a wind speed of 5 mph. Higher wind speeds or different temperature or humidity conditions may increase the distance a chemical plume will travel. A longer plume means a greater area affected, but at a lower concentration. Quantities of hazardous materials released may be less than the worst case scenarios used for planning, but are unlikely to be more. Anhydrous ammonia presents the greatest risk to public safety in Lansing. Three facilities store significant quantities of anhydrous ammonia in outside tanks. Facility Address VZ Chemical Qty Ashland Distribution 2011 Turner .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 550 gal AT&T 220 N. Capitol N/A Sulfuric Acid 500 gal Atmosphere Annealing 1801 Bassett .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 880 gal Barnes Aerospace 5300 Aurelius Rd .45 mi Hydrogen Fluoride 52% 55 gal Bodycote 2127 W. Willow 1.6 mi Anhydrous Ammonia 40,000 Ibs BWL Dye Water Plant 148 S. Cedar St. .65 mi Anhydrous Ammonia 150 Ibs BWL Eckert Station 601 Island St. .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 10,000 gal BWL Water Cond 5401 Wise Road .65 mi Anhydrous Ammonia 150 Ibs Carquest 4722 N. Grand River .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 1,000 gal General Motors 401 N. Verlinden .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 600,000 Ibs General Motors 920 Townsend .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 200,000 Ibs Symmetry Medical/Jet 5212 Aurelius Rd .5 mi Hydrofluoric Acid 6,000 Ibs Lansing Plating 1303 Case St. .5 mi Sulfuric Acid 250 gal MCI Telecom 120 N. Washington N/A Sulfuric Acid 180 gal Melody Farms 2224 W. Willow 1.6 mi Anhydrous Ammonia 6,000 lbs Quality Dairy 1400 S. Washington 1.6 mi Anhydrous Ammonia 1,500 gal SBC 106 W. Jolly N/A Sulfuric Acid 600 gal SBC 221 N. Washington N/A Sulfuric Acid 600 gal SBC 3400 Franette N/A Sulfuric Acid 480 gal Wonch Battery 1521 Keystone 500 ft Sulfuric Acid 40 gal Telecommunications sites, such as SBC, use sulfuric acid in batteries only. The acid is in a gel form and batteries are not refilled on site. A release from several batteries at once is unlikely. Other sites that store car batteries have small amounts of sulfuric acid in other containers to fill batteries, and thus have a limited potential for offsite release. However, a fire at any of these facilities could affect the surrounding neighborhood. 75 LAWS & REGULATIONS Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA Title II1) establishes requirements for Federal, State and local governments, Indian Tribes, and industry regarding emergency planning and "Community Right -to -Know" reporting on hazardous and toxic chemicals. Section 302 of the act identifies specific "extremely hazardous substances" (EHS) and requires facilities using or storing EHS chemicals to submit a report annually to their local fire department and Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The act also requires that local fire departments develop response plans for these facilities and submit the plans to the state, through the LEPC, annually. The Clean Air Act Section 112(r) creates an additional requirement for facilities using or storing chemicals with a high potential for offsite release into the air to develop Risk Management Plans (RMP) and to present these plans at community meetings. PREPAREDNESS 7' C , X! jL LANSING EHS SITES The Lansing Fire Department maintains a database of hazardous sites in Lansing. This information is updated annually and includes chemical inventories, facility maps, and other information that would be needed by emergency responders at an incident. Hard copies of the information are kept on all fire apparatus. The hazmat team also has software at its disposal during the course of an incident to identify and predict the behavior of hazardous materials which may be released. CONCLUSION The government, industry, and citizens of Lansing have worked hard over the past twenty years to significantly reduce the threat of an offsite release of hazardous materials. Many hazardous materials —such as chlorine —are no longer stored in large quantities in our community, and groups are working with industry to clean up pollution and chemical contamination created by early industry in the city. It is not possible to eradicate storage of hazardous materials in our community, or to completely eliminate the possibility of their release. Legislation, inspections, industry compliance, and technology have greatly reduced the threat of off -site release. However, because the risk still exists, and will not decrease in the foreseeable future, we must continue to maintain our response capability and continue to invest in technology and training for our first responders. 76 MITIGATION: Special Response Teams Metro -Lansing Hazmat Team The Lansing Fire Department has been a leader in hazardous materials response in the state since the early 1980s. In 1999 LFD joined with the East Lansing and Delta Township fire departments to form the Metro Lansing Hazardous Materials Response Team. The team now also includes the Meridian Township Fire Department and provides services to more than 230,000 people. The Metro team is also the primary hazmat responder for the Capital Area Regional Airport, located in Clinton County. Metro -Lansing Technical Rescue Team The same four communities, Lansing, East Lansing, Delta Township and Meridian Township have joined their resources to form a metro technical rescue team. The team trains and responds together throughout the metro area. The team trains to rescue people from special environments, such as trenches and tunnels, collapsed buildings, or from a bridge or high rise building. This urban search and rescue (USAR) requires specialized equipment and ongoing training. All team members are trained to Technician level in confined space, trench, high angle and collapse rescues. Special Tactics and Rescue Team (START) The Lansing Police Department formed its Special Tactics and Rescue Team (START) in 1973. The team is responsible for calls requiring specialized equipment or tactics such as a barricaded gunman or a drug raid. The START team is trained to assess, make entry, and gain control of the facility in a school shooting or workplace violence incident. The LPD team trains regularly with other START teams in the area. Terrorism Response All members of the Tri-County Metro Hazmat Team are trained to Technician level in responding to chemical, biological, and radiological events. This means that they have the skills and equipment to enter a hot zone and contain the source of the release. Members of the team receive Awareness level training in explosives. The Lansing Police Department, along with the Michigan State Police Bomb Squad, are responsible for containment and control of explosive devices. LPD's bomb -detection canine conducts approximately 15-20 bomb searches a year. Michigan State Police bomb technicians would be responsible for defusing any devices found. 77 HAZMAT INCIDENT - TRANSPORTATION An uncontrolled release of hazardous materials during transport capable of posing a risk to life, health, safety, property or the environment. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 8 6 4 2 0 Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Economic Duration Predictability Collateral Available Public Mitigative Preparedness Occurrence Impact Effects Damage W—Ing Potentlal HAZARD DESCRIPTION Worst Best HAZARDOUS MATERIALS pass through Lansing every day, carried by plane, truck and train through industrial and residential areas, over waterways and past our schools. In many ways, the transport of hazardous materials provides a greater threat than their storage in our community since we cannot predict where an incident might occur or what materials might be involved. It is estimated that annual shipments of hazardous materials now total more than 3.1 billion tons. Tons (Daily) Shipments (Daily) A\oe Shipment Truck 3,709,180 768,907 4.82 Rail 378,916 4,315 87.81 Water 1,272,925 335 3,799.78 Pipeline 3,273,750 873 3,750.00 Air 4,049 43,750 0.09 TOTAL DAILY 8,638,820 818,180 ANNUAL 3,153,169,300 298,635,700 COLLATERAL DAMAGE LOCAL EVENTS In May 2002 the city of Potterville, more than 2000 residents, was evacuated after 35 train cars derailed. The city remained evacuated for four days while responders off- loaded the contents of several tank cars including one car leaking propane. In 2000 there were 37 hazmat incidents involving trains in Michigan, ranking us 5th in the nation. 78 CHEMICAL SHIPMENTS Petroleum products make up 82% of all hazmat shipments. 99.5% of petroleum shipments are made by truck, .1% each by rail and water and .3% by pipeline. The petroleum shipped by rail is primarily in the form of liquefied petroleum gases, such as propane. Most petroleum products are an explosion hazard but otherwise present a relatively low risk to public health and the environment, and are relatively easy to clean up. Chemicals such as chlorine and ammonia present a much greater risk. Both are among the highest volume chemicals produced in the world, and both are extremely hazardous substances under SARA Title II1. Norfolk Southern Railroad 2000 Hazmat Traffic (System -wide) Top 10 Commodities 1. Mixed freight - FAK including hazmat 2. Liquefied petroleum gases 3. Caustic soda, solutions 4. Elevated temperature material 5. Chlorine 6. Sulfur, molten 7. Environmentally hazardous substances 8. Ammonia 9. Denatured alcohol 10. Phosphoric acid The primary difference between a fixed site hazmat release and a hazmat release from a vehicle or container is that we don't now where it will occur and we don't know what chemical or chemicals may be involved. In a fixed facility personnel in the immediate vicinity are generally aware of the hazard and trained in advance in how to recognize and react to a chemical spill. The spill may very well occur indoors and be contained within the facility. A release that occurs during transportation is likely to be the result of a vehicle accident, making the response more complicated. In spite of all of these things we are well prepared to deal with a hazardous materials release. The Lansing Metro Team is well equipped and trained ; they are also experienced, small scale hazmat incidents occur regularly in our community. Hazardous materials are an unavoidable part of our lives, but we are prepared to deal with the hazard they present in our community. See TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS for information on major shipping routes 79 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS A crash or accident involving an air, land, or water based commercial passenger carrier resulting in mass casualties or having a significant economic or environmental effect. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 11 Worst s d o1 - Best o n` HAZARD DESCRIPTION The definition of a TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENT, for the purpose of this analysis, is an incident involving a land, air or water vehicle, which results in mass casualties, or which causes significant economic impact or collateral damage. For instance, an accident involving a vehicle carrying cargo may not involve a large number of victims, but it may disrupt utilities, cause a fire, or release hazardous materials. In Lansing, passengers and goods are transported by road, rail, water and air. Bridges are the most critical component of Lansing's transportation system. There are over 60 bridges and overpasses in Lansing. Utilities are routed under many bridges. An accident that damages the structure of a bridge could also damage utility infrastructure. Bridges with Special Load Limits No of Gross Wt Gross Wt Gross Wt Lanes 1 Unit 2 Units 3 Units Pennsylvania over RR (@ Healthcare Court) 4 19T 23T 24T Dakin Street over RR (Evacuation route for 2 5T Potter Park Zoo) See FLOODING for information on bridges 80 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ITS has been defined as "People using technology in transportation to save lives, time and money." In ITS, information is shared between those whose activities may impact the roadways and those who use them. This information sharing can be accomplished through many different means, including closed circuit cameras, electronic message signs, and developing technology which gives greater control of the traffic signal system to the traffic control center or, in a disaster, to responders in the Emergency Coordination Center. Remote access of traffic controls systems from the ECC is scheduled to be implemented in 2005. The remote system would be used by representatives of the same departments which use the system on a day to day basis, with the added advantage of instant access to information about emergency response operations and changing incident conditions. POWER OUTAGE EFFECTS When power fails in areas of the city it has been our policy to place four-way stop signs at intersections where traffic lights are out. Police officers are used to direct traffic in the busiest intersections. In a city- wide power failure, such as the one that occurred in August, 2003, this is not practical. The traffic problems created by the non-functioning lights makes it difficult for police and public service crews to reach intersections, and we do not have enough four- way stop signs for all of the intersections that should have them. The Michigan Department of Transportation no longer recommends using stop signs because of the confusion may be created when traffic lights come back on. An alternative would be to have lights automatically reset to blinking red, indicating a four-way stop, when power is restored. The lights could then be changed back to normal by crews as four-way stop signs are removed from intersections. At this time, only Board of Water and Light personnel are able to manually change the light settings at the intersection. TRAFFIC VOLUME Lansing is located in the Michigan Department of Transportation's state trunkline University Region, which includes over 1700 miles of road in ten counties. Between 1986 and 1997 traffic in the region increased by 23%, while the system grew only .04%. EVACUATION CONSIDERATIONS Evacuation, even in a life -threatening situation, can only be compelled by the Governor. Once evacuation of an area has been ordered by the governor, local responders can arrest anyone not complying with the evacuation. Without the governor's order, local responders can only recommend evacuation. If evacuation is called for, citizens in Lansing will be advised to take certain steps, including locking their homes, bringing medications that will be needed for up to 48 hours, and bringing pets, if they can do so safely. If a situation is severe enough to require evacuation, it should be assumed that the area will remain unsafe for at least 24-48 hours. Evacuation routes will be determined at the time of the incident and specific routes will be outlined for citizens. As Lansing's Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is implemented, it will make evacuation faster and safer. 81 RAIL ACCIDENTS There are 96 public & private railway crossings in the city. Rails are owned by CSX, Canadian National, Grand Trunk Western, and Norfolk Southern Railroad. The primary danger from rail accidents in Lansing is the release of hazardous materials. However, Amtrak passenger trains do travel through Lansing along the Grand Truck Western line. The line runs along the north side of Potter Park and crosses the Red Cedar and Grand rivers at three points. An accident at a river crossing, particularly of a passenger train, could require a multi -agency disaster response. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 RAIL ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN (1992-2002) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 — =- ACCIDENTS LransJl' l�I��UI•� 1t 5f7 ,'f rip ' T t t eq t� r- - fp r .. Gafe (Ke,- Ac ; iti r- 1 J l iv$ Hetpe F'+ See HAZMAT TRANSPORTATION for information on hazardous materials incidents involving trains 82 AIR ACCIDENTS Capital City Airport is the third busiest airport in Michigan, serving over 700,000 passengers last year. Although it is not located in Lansing, its position at the borders of Ingham, Eaton and Clinton Counties makes it probable that any offsite incident will affect one of the surrounding jurisdictions. Despite the fact that it is not located within the city limits Lansing, more than any other community, is economically linked with the airport. A crash could potentially close the airport for several days. The need for public information would be greatest in Lansing, and many Lansing resources would be called on to respond to an event at the airport. Jets rarely crash et --mg ahlmde &d may enca:rter trotc"le at ta.keoff,nd la Ing (see chart) Pmp planes fly lower 04,.)et —d h— —5e nccr:h 2% ld% 18% 5% 7% 11% 25% 18% ♦ ♦ 1 T )col. Tok—H 0—b C— Descent InTd Fnol t.Td—; arrla� �P•�ach Pooch P et centage of jet cra-4— by Phases of fli E;t. Stati,,ocs are fa 19i9-1993 and escl� -le crashes attribrded to sabotage or m ditary ed-a -wmr tYrnF CRITICAL FACILITIES A significant percentage of all airplane crashes occur on takeoff or landing, making facilities and neighborhoods surrounding airports especially vulnerable. See TERRORISM for information on the use of aircraft in terrorist attacks 83 PIPELINE INCIDENTS A significant uncontrolled release of petroleum or natural gas, or the poisonous by-product hydrogen sulfide, from a pipeline. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating 10 - 6 2 0 ■ 4•■ G +, MA Historical Agecled Area Speedof Oruet Population Ecor-mlc Duration Predictability Collateral Available Mitigative Preparedness Occurrence Impact Effects Damage Public Potential Warning HAZARD DESCRIPTION Worst Best PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS PIPELINE accidents occur when pipelines leak or fracture, generally due to third party damage, such as construction, or inadequate maintenance. Michigan is both a major consumer and a major producer of natural gas and petroleum products. Natural gas in Lansing is provided by Consumers Energy. Construction of a petroleum pipeline through southern Lansing is being considered. COLLATERAL DAMAGE LOCAL EVENTS June 7, 2000 - A gasoline pipeline ruptured in Blackman Township in Jackson County, releasing 75,000 gallons of gasoline. More than 500 homes were evacuated. Although most residents were able to return to their homes within five days, some residents were out of their homes for seven months. The pipeline, which carries seven million gallons a day between Joliet, Illinois and Detroit, was shut down for nine days, cutting off 30% of Michigan's gasoline supply. Although environmental damage in the area was severe, the spill was contained and did not spread into the Grand River outside of the township. Wolverine Pipe Line, the owner of the line, has spent over $10 million in response to the accident. Groundwater contamination Acute and chronic health effects Explosion risk and associated evacuation concerns See HAZARDOUS MATERIALS for information on the response to pipeline incidents 84 Natural Gas Consumers Energy provides natural gas to 54 counties in the lower peninsular, with 24,000 miles of distribution pipeline and 1,200 miles of transmission and storage pipeline. Twenty percent of the distribution pipeline is checked annually. Pipeline Accidents There were 58 pipeline incidents in Michigan in between 1995 and 2000. The majority involved natural gas distribution pipeline, which also represents the largest quantity of pipeline in the state. The majority of hazardous liquid pipeline incidents occur at the pipeline, not at a pumping or storage facility. Underground pipeline is more likely to be damaged than above ground or piping within a building. Third party damage is the leading cause of all pipeline incidents. Groundwater Proposed petroleum pipeline route through South Lansing 16 14 12 10 8 6 a 2 0 r 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 CONCLUSION Haz Liq • NG Dist NG Trans Although the devastation from the Blackman Township incident is foremost in everyone's mind when the proposed Wolverine Pipe Line expansion is discussed, pipelines are in many ways the safer method of transporting petroleum. It is estimated that the extension would eliminate the need for 250 to 350 tanker trucks in Michigan daily. However, the vulnerability of the population along the route currently under consideration, the risk to groundwater, and the potential for damage intrinsic to the location chosen raise serious safety concerns. Pipeline incidents will occur. The system of planning, laying, marking and relocating underground infrastructure is imprecise. When work is done in the area where underground cables and pipeline exist there is always a chance that equipment will damage the existing infrastructure. The best way to mitigate the potential damage of a pipeline incident is to keep pipeline as far as reasonably possible from vulnerable areas and from areas where third party equipment will be used. MITIGATION: Proposed Gas Pipeline Ground Water Vulnerability The Saginaw Aquifer, which extends from Missaukee County to Calhoun County and from Newaygo County to Bay County, contains an estimated four cubic miles of water and provides drinking water for 220,000 people. Ninety percent of the people in the Tri-County area receive their water from the aquifer. The aquifer is largely protected from pollution to surface soils by a beds of clay soil and shale. However, this protective layer does not completely cover the aquifer. Wells provide another access point for pollutants to enter the aquifer. The Tri-County Wellhead Protection group has implemented a program to locate and cap unused wells to minimize this threat. Well Surface Water Soil Glacial Aquifer Confining Beds Saginaw Aquifer The proposed pipeline route crosses three well fields, including one in southwest Lansing where there is no confining bed layer to protect the aquifer. The proposed route also crosses the Mason Esker. An esker is an ancient riverbed. This layer of sand and silt allows any liquid that enters it (including contaminants) to travel quickly along its route. The Mason Esker is the largest in Michigan, approximately 20 miles long, running from Dewitt to Mason. Any pollutants entering the esker from the proposed pipeline would move quickly along the bed, contaminating wells along its route. Population Vulnerability There are 1700 homes adjacent to the proposed pipeline route, including two mobile home parks. One of these parks, Life O'Riley, is an extremely low income area with 130 homes. Life O'Riley is within 25 feet of the proposed route. Oak Park Condomiums (612 units) and YMCA are approximately 125 feet away. Federal Safety Standards set the vulnerable zone for dwellings near a pipeline at 660 feet. There are over 3,000 dwellings in the proposed vulnerable zone. Infrastructure Vulnerability Third party damage is the leading cause of pipeline incidents. Because the ditches in which the pipeline would be laid are routinely cleaned with backhoes, the risk of third party damage is very high. The vibration from heavy traffic loads (40,000 vehicles daily) along I-96 is another concern. No data has been gathered regarding its effect on pipelines. There is also a concern that a leak from the pipeline could ignite high voltage transmission lines which run close to the proposed route. The route also passes two electrical substations. See PUBLIC HEALTH for information on the Wellhead Protection Program. 86 INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE A significant failure of critical public or private utility infrastructure resulting in a temporary loss of essential functions and/or services. Failure of gas, electricity, or wastewater treatment services for 12 hours, or failure of phone or water services for any period of time is considered significant. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating MOM Best HAZARD DESCRIPTION The citizens of Lansing rely on a system of public and private agencies for essential services such as electricity, heat, water, sewage disposal and treatment, storm drainage, communications, emergency services and transportation. These are basics that we take for granted and when one of these systems fails the results can be devastating. Failure of the water treatment system can lead to disease, failure of the electrical system during a heat wave can lead to widespread heat injury and even death, failure of the telecommunications system could delay the response of essential medical, fire and police services to citizens. Electrical and drinking water services within the city are provided by the Lansing Board of Water and Light. Wastewater processing services are provided by the City. COLLATERAL DAMAGE Water contamination from pressure loss in delivery lines. Potential delay in emergency services or loss of critical facilities. LOCAL EVENTS Cleveland, Ohio caused a cascading power outage that blacked out 9300 square miles in the northeastern US and southeastern Canada. Power in Lansing was out for up to 12 hours for some BWL customers. Pressure was maintained in water delivery lines although the 18 million gallon reservoir was reduced to 6 million gallons before power was restored. Sewage processing facilities were maintained on generator power, avoiding an overflow to the Grand River in Lansing. Lansing residents were asked to conserve power and water for several days following the event while systems were returned to normal. PREPAREDNESS Electrical - Power outages are the most common and potentially severe infrastructure failure. Severe weather can result in localized power failures at any time. Fortunately, these failures are usually short term —less than 35 minutes —and confined to a small area. The Lansing Board of Water and Light maintains a list of facilities that have a high priority for restoration of power. Citizens who are using home life support equipment may also, through their doctor, be placed on a priority list. These priority lists cannot guarantee that a home or facility will be restored before any other, it is a tool used by the Board when determining where resources will be allocated. Electrical outages can become a serious problem, especially in the winter. Red Cross shelters may be opened to those who have no power in their homes, but extreme cold may lead to damage to the home itself if pipes freeze and burst. Sewer — In 1994 exceptionally deep ground frost damaged municipal sewer and water systems in ten counties in the Upper Peninsula. 3,200 water and sewer lines were frozen or broken, interrupting service to 18,000 homes and businesses, many for several weeks. In Michigan, sewage and water lines are required to be buried beneath the frost line, but no system is disaster -proof. Systems in the UP, as in Lansing, are designed to withstand severe weather that can reasonably be expected in the area. Extreme weather events will always take their toll on infrastructure. Electrical system failure can also affect sewage services. Sewage pumping facilities in the Lansing area can be maintained for a few hours without power before the system overflows into the Grand River, depending on the level of system use. During the August, 2003 blackout, residents were asked to flush toilets as little as possible. In spite of this, sewage was released into the river by some upstream communities. Water — On two occasions in 1992, incidents at a water treatment plant in Lansing created a potential for contamination in the water distribution system. In July two pumps were lost and in November a power outage occurred. In both cases residents in the affected area were advised to boil water as a precaution, but no contamination occurred. The Ingham County Health Department works closely with the Board of Water and Light to ensure that public health is protected when there is a possibility of contamination to the water system. Phone — In 2000 local phone service in Lansing failed, taking with it cell phone service and the 911 center. Alternate 911 numbers were given via the media. Service was restored after a few hours. CONCLUSION Extreme heat, extreme cold, record precipitation, damage by heavy equipment, the effects of outside utilities on local systems, all of these things can cause local infrastructure failure. It is not possible to plan for every contingency; again, no system is designed to be disaster -proof. When prevention of extreme events is not possible, we must focus our mitigation efforts on the probable and be prepared for response to the possible. Power outages are the most potentially devastating infrastructure failure. Communication, emergency response, healthcare, drinking water, wastewater, fuel, and food systems are all dependent on power. Following the August, 2003 blackout, steps were taken to ensure that power backup was available for critical facilities. Another regional blackout is possible and further steps must be taken to mitigate the effect of this hazard. See TRANSPORTATION for more information on the collateral effects of infrastructure failure 88 STRUCTURAL FIRES A fire, of any origin, that ignites one or more structures, causing injury, loss of life, and/or damage to property and which requires the response of 70% of the Lansing Fire Department's resources. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating ■ Na� - ' 1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION For the purposes of this evaluation, a significant fire is one that requires more than 70% of resources of the Lansing Fire Department to control. Under normal circumstances this would be a third alarm fire. Some examples of potential third alarm fires are apartment complexes with 30 or more units, more than 50% involved; a large office or industrial complex; a warehouse, or a high rise building. On average Lansing experiences about one of these fires each year. Response to a third alarm fire includes seven fire engines, two ladder trucks, two ambulances, a Battalion Chief, and a Safety Officer. Worst t = -4 Best Kerns Hotel Fire LOCAL EVENTS December 11, 1934 - An early morning fire at the Kerns Hotel killed at least 34 people, including seven Michigan legislators. The fire response involved 72 out of 97 Lansing firefighters and eight of the department's eleven fire trucks. Fourteen Firefighters were among those injured. In February, 2000 a series of fires at Oliver Towers apartments injured 11 people and killed one. A 63 year old resident was charged with setting three fires over two days. Many of the residents of Oliver Towers, a subsidized housing facilities, were elderly or disabled. EMS FIRE FATALITIES Even a relatively small fire can have devastating effects. In Lansing 88 people died in 74 fires between 1969 and 1995. Of those 88 people, 26 died in accidental fires caused by careless smoking, 14 deaths were caused by juvenile firesetters, and 12 by electrical fires. Arson was responsible for nine deaths, and two died in an arson -related explosion. Although more civilians are injured than firefighters overall at fire scenes, more firefighters are injured than civilians at fires that are suspicious or incendiary in nature. COLLATERAL DAMAGE FIRE INFRASTRUCTURE HAZMAT MITIGATION: Citizen Corps PREPAREDNESS Lansing has nine fire stations and approximately 220 sworn firefighters. Two of the oldest fire stations were recently replaced and the new facilities placed further south to improve coverage. Average response time in the city is 3-4 minutes. The department also has a Fire Prevention Division, which is responsible for fire inspections and investigations, and Training and Maintenance/Alarm Divisions which work to fire suppression. The Fire Chief is the designated Emergency Management Director for the city and the Fire Department staffs the city's Emergency Management Division. Fire prevention programs include fire safety presentations in local schools, a juvenile firesetter program to work with children who have set fires, enforcement of the city's fireworks ordinance, and a smoke detector giveaway program for low income families. The Lansing Fire Department also provides emergency medical services and is a key partner in the Metro -Lansing Hazmat and Technical Rescue Teams. The Ingham County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPQ functions as the Citizen Corps Council for Lansing and Ingham County. The Council oversees the activities of the four Citizen Corps programs in the area: Medical Reserve Corps, Community Emergency Response Teams, Neighborhood Watch, and Volunteers in Police Service. Medical Reserve Corps In 2003 the Ingham County Medical Reserve Corps planning group received a grant to establish a Medical Reserve Corps in the county. The group is working with public health, hospitals, and other members of the District One Regional Medical Response Coalition to determine what gaps exist in our current resources. Medical Reserve Corps targets retired medical professionals as well as those who do not already have a role in disaster response. Corps members could potentially carry out patient decontamination, staff neighborhood health centers, provide public education, and provide emergency medical care. Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) In 2003 the Lansing Fire Department began training citizens to act as Community Emergency Response Teams. More than 60 citizens have participated in the training to date. CERTs are trained to respond to an incident that happens in their neighborhood or workplace until police and fire can arrive. They learn to protect themselves while extricating lightly trapped victims, providing basic medical care, putting out small fires, and controlling utilities. 90 119to •i• Mir w, y i - t. 'A � •19Id: k Y' URBAN/WILDLAND INTERFACE Lansing's primary urban/wildland interface is on the east side of the city, from Forest Road north through Fenner Nature Center, Crego and Shubel Parks, and across the Red Cedar River to Potter Park. Fenner Nature Center provides a unique challenge to firefighters. The nature center covers 130 acres, primarily wooded, with some wild grass lands. Almost the entire park is left in its natural state. Trees and brush are not removed. The grass areas, except near buildings, are not mowed. Fire load is very high and most of the park is not accessible by traditional firefighting apparatus. The park has only one person on staff. There is some recreational camping at Fenner, as well as people using the trails during regular park hours. Crego and Shubel parks are not recreational areas, but both are in a natural state and have a high fire load. The cemeteries and golf courses that make up the rest of this area are well maintained and present a much lower risk. A fire starting at Fenner would most likely spread north and east. Depending on conditions, two apartment complexes and homes along Forest and Aurelius roads may be at risk. It is possible, although not likely, that a strong fire could cross Mount Hope to the the north and spread into Crego and Shubel parks. In this case it would be unchecked until it reached the river to the north and the highway to the east. There are some homes in this area, but it is not heavily populated. MITIGATION Lansing places a high value on its parks and green spaces. The natural state that makes Fenner Arboretum a high fire risk is the same feature that makes it attractive to visitors. Development adjacent to the nature center and to nearby parks have increased the potential for injury and property damage. Two wildfires have occurred at Fenner: one in March, 1983 and the second in March, 1994. Both began in the fields. The 1994 fire threatened to spread to the woods, but a temporary road created to assist with renovations acted as a firebreak. The Lansing Fire Department now has specialized equipment that will better enable them to fight fire in this area. 92 PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES A widespread or severe epidemic, incident of contamination, or other situation that presents a danger or otherwise negatively impacts the general health and well being of the public. Hazard/Vulnerability Rating Worst Best HAZARD DESCRIPTION PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES are events of disease or contamination that affect --or have the potential to affect —a large number of people. They may take the form of disease epidemics, contamination of food or water supplies, infestation of disease -carrying insects or animals, or harmful exposure to hazardous materials. These may be isolated incidents or they may be caused by another incident, such as a flood, water system failure, or act of terrorism. Authorities estimate that 76 million illnesses and 5,000 deaths occur in the United Sates each year due to foodborne diseases. Although incidents of food or water contamination have presented the most common threat in recent years, the threat of a disease epidemic still exists, and the threat of a serious incident involving the accidental or intentional release of a biological material has increased. RECENT EVENTS SARS — In 2003 there were 192 suspected cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the US, none in Michigan. 250 cases were reported in Canada, resulting in 38 deaths. Travel advisories were issued and travellers from Canada were screened at the Michigan border. West Nile Virus — 51 people died of West Nile Virus (WNV) in Michigan in 2002. There were 644 cases of confirmed WNV in humans, including eight in Ingham county. Listeriosis - In December,1998, 35 million pounds of meat was recalled by a Zeeland, Michigan based company because of listeria contamination 21 deaths nationwide have been linked to the listeria bacterium. Hepatitis A - In 1997, nearly 300 cases of Hepatitis A occurred in four Michigan school districts due to food contamination in the national school lunch program. COLLATERAL DAMAGE EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPABILITY In a significant event the sheer number of victims may overwhelm emergency services. Emergency personnel run the risk become victims as well —particularly in the early stages or in an undiagnosed incident —further depleting Mutual Aid Private. ALS Amb 4 min 10 min 20+ min LFD 4 - - Other FD 9 4 Private 8 6 HEALTHCARE CAPABILITIES - EMS The Lansing Fire Department is the major provider of emergency medical response in Lansing. The fire department staffs four advanced life support ambulances. There are also four private ambulances companies operating in the Lansing area. HOSPITALS There are four hospitals within the city. Sparrow Health System operates E.W. Sparrow Hospital and St. Lawrence Hospitals, Ingham Regional Medical Center operates two campuses at Greenlawn and South Pennsylvania. No emergency department services are offered at S. Pennsylvania. Both healthcare systems are expanding their facilities in response to occupancy rates, which were at 80 to 85% at the end of 2002. Both systems also experienced regular overflow of their emergency departments, partly due to the number of people using emergency departments as primary care providers. This is an ongoing problem caused by physician shortages and the fact that many families lack insurance. 94 LAWS & REGULATIONS Communicable Disease Reporting Michigan's public health laws require the reporting of the occurrence or suspected occurrence of any disease, condition or infection listed in the Communicable Disease Rules. These disease reports are submitted to the local health department in which the individual with the disease or condition resides or in which the reporting facility is located. The local health departments throughout Michigan collect these reports and submit them into the statewide communicable disease reporting system (mostly electronically) maintained by the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH), Bureau of Epidemiology. Powers and Duties of Medical Practitioners in a Disaster Michigan Public Act 390 of 1976, Section 30.411: (4) A person licensed to practice medicine or osteopathic medicine or surgery, or a licensed hospital, registered nurse, practical nurse, dentist, veterinarian, or paramedical person, whether licensed in this or another state or by the federal government or a branch of the armed forces of the United States, or a student nurse undergoing training in a licensed hospital in this or another state, that renders services during a state of disaster declared by the governor and at the express or implied request of a state official or county or local coordinator or executive body, is considered an authorized disaster relief worker or facility and is not liable for an injury sustained by a person by reason of those services, regardless of how or under what circumstances or by what cause those injuries are sustained. The immunity granted by this subsection does not apply in the event of a willful act or omission. If a civil action for malpractice is filed alleging a willful act or omission resulting in injuries, the services rendered that resulted in those injuries shall be judged according to the standards required of persons licensed in this state to perform those services. (5) A licensed dentist, veterinarian, registered nurse, practical nurse, or licensed paramedical person, whether licensed in this state or another state or by the federal government or a branch of the armed forces of the United States, or a student nurse undergoing training in a licensed hospital in this or another state, during a state of disaster declared by the governor, may practice, in addition to the authority granted by other statutes in this state, the administration of anesthetics; minor surgery; intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular procedure; or oral and topical medication; or a combination of these under the supervision of a member of the medical staff of a licensed hospital of this state, and may assist the staff member in other medical and surgical proceedings. Wellhead Protection Program Lansing has instituted a Wellhead Protection Program under the authority of the Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act (P.A. 399 of 1976) and the 1986 amendments to the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. The purpose of the program is to protect the public water supply, which uses groundwater, from potential contamination. The program uses a variety of methods including identifying and capping abandoned wells, participating in groundwater management planning, and examining existing site review procedures for potential weaknesses in protecting groundwater. Source: USGS Ground Water Atlas of the U.S. The Saginaw (Pennsylvanian) Aquifer provides drinking water for 220, 000 people. See PIPELINE for information on groundwater vulnerability. 95 INFLUENZA In an average year, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. Flu -related complications can occur at any age; however, the elderly and people with chronic health problems are much more likely to develop serious complications after influenza infection than are younger, healthier people. There are three types of influenza viruses: A and B, which are responsible for most hospitalizations and deaths, and type C, which is very mild and often has no symptoms at all. Efforts to protect the public from influenza are concentrated on types A and B. Influenza epidemics occur nearly every year, and yearly vaccinations are available against known types of Influenza A and B. However, type A naturally undergoes an "antigenic drift". This is a series of mutations that allow the virus to stay one step ahead of the host's immune system. A more serious effect is called an "antigenic shift". This shift is an abrupt change to the virus' proteins which creates a new influenza subtype. Antigenic shifts occur infrequently, but when they do the result has, historically, been devastating. Worldwide epidemics, called pandemics, occur and hundreds of thousands of lives are lost. 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1996 THE NEXT PANDEMIC PANDEMICS 1918-19 "Spanish Flu" - Approximately 500,000 people died in the US, 20 million worldwide. 1957-58 "Asian Flu" - 70,000 died in the US 1968-69 'Hong Kong Flu" - 34,000 died in the US. Although fewer people died in the initial pandemic, this virus has continued to be a problem and has ultimately been responsible for 400,000 deaths in the US since 1968. It is believed that a similar virus had circulated at the turn of the century, thus leaving many elderly people —the most vulnerable population —immune. 1997 1998 1999 2000 Influenza Cases in Ingham County 1996-2000 Antigenic shifts will continue to occur and a new influenza pandemic can strike at any time. The world health organization estimates the next flu pandemic will likely send one to two -million people to the hospital, and kill between 280 and 650 thousand in industrialized nations alone. In developing countries the impact is expected to be much worse. •" INFRASTRUCTURE While an infectious disease may not reach emergency levels, ongoing cases may cause a drain on medical services that are needed in a disaster. West Nile Virus — State and local public health have devoted significant resources to WNV education and prevention. The number of cases is still relatively low and at this time is not placing a significant drain on local healthcare resources. Hepatitis C — 70% of the people who 200 contract Hepatitis C develop chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C is the leading indicator 150 for liver transplants. Hepatitis C is likely to 100 provide the greatest drain on local healthcare resources over the next five to ten years. 50 0 300,000- 250,000- 200,000- 150,000- 100,000- 50,000- 0 111 11111 1110,11.110111 CONCLUSION kew 4tM •e �.+g Fnn•^. Syr 4�.,�n �. In :,.I,' Source: MDCII -- -_. k. Hepatitis C Ingham County 1996-2000 Source: Ingham County Health Department 1998 1999 2000 ❑ Estimated Acute Cases ® Estimated Total New Infections Hepatitis C Nationwide 1982-2001 Source: Centers for Disease Control The new focus of public health is bioterrorism. Fortunately, the steps we take to prepare for a potential bioterrorist attack make us better prepared to deal with natural outbreaks of disease and other public health emergencies. Public health agencies in Michigan are making great strides in communication, interoperability, disease reporting, and other areas which will strengthen our communities, whatever the disaster. Planning groups, such as the District One Regional Medical Response Coalition; volunteer programs such as the Medical Reserve Corps; and strong relationships between public and private healthcare agencies and providers will be key to our ability to successfully respond to and recover from our next public health incident. See TERRORISM for information on bioterrorism. 97 DAM FAILURE The collapse or failure of an impoundment resulting in downstream flooding. HazarciNulnerability Rating 10 8 6 4 2 0 I■ lAll ■ = ■ Worst Historical Affected Area Speed of Onset Population Economic Duration Predictability Collateral Available Mitigative Preparedness Best occurrence Impact Effects Damage Public Potential Warning HAZARD DESCRIPTION Lansing has two DAMS, both on the Grand River. Both are rated as high risk by the MDEQ and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), based on the potential downstream impact in the event of failure (not according to the physical condition of the dam). As such the owner of the dams, the Lansing Board of Water and Light, is required to maintain an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for each facility. It is estimated that failure of a dam break at the Moores Park Dam at normal river levels would result in downstream flooding at the levels of a 10 year flood (approximately 3 feet over normal river levels). Failure when river levels were already high, in the worst case, would result in flooding slightly worse than a 100 year flood (approximately 8 feet over normal levels). The worst flood ever recorded in Lansing was in 1904, when river levels reached approximately 7 feet above normal. The Moores Park Dam, with a pond of 2000 acre feet, presents a greater hazard than the smaller North Lansing Dam, which has a pond of approximately 500 acre feet. A breach of the North Lansing Dam in normal river levels would not cause the river to reach flood stage. COLLATERAL DAMAGE Loss of the pond behind either of the Lansing dams may necessitate shut down of power generating facilities. Debris from the dam may also cause damage to bridges and utilities. See FLOOD for information on the effects of a 100 year flood. 98 Moores Park Dam The present Moores Park Dam with its accompanying power house was built during the period of 1904-1908 for the purpose of hydro -electric generation. Spanning the Grand River from north to south, it has a total length of 190 feet. The southern portion of the dam is a concrete spillway 21 feet high and 117 feet long. It contains three outlet bays each 20 feet wide. The power house comprises the remainder of the dam, holding two horizontal generating units each rated at 540 kW. The pond behind the dam contains approximately 2000 acre feet of water with a normal elevation of 833.5 feet above mean sea level. Since 1921, several modifications have been made to the dam. Most of these pertained to the establishment of intakes, flumes, traveling screens, etc. for the operation of what has become the Eckert Station fossil fueled power plant. The primary purpose of the dam is now to provide a cooling water source for the plant's condensing turbines. Hydro power is its secondary function. Loss of the pond above the Moores Park Dam will affect the operation of the 375 MW Eckert Station power plant. Water for the plant operations is taken from the river upstream of the dam. Should the river level at this point fall drastically, the suction bells (intakes) could become exposed. This, in turn, would force the shutdown of the affected generating unit or units as well as possible shutdown of the affected 165 MW Erickson Station upstream due to a possible loss of makeup water. Moores Park Dam, photo courtesy of Lansing Board of Water and Light Based on studies performed by the Board of Water and Light and outside consultants, a breach of one half of the dam (an opening 21 feet high and 95 feet wide over a period of six minutes), in dry weather, would result in a momentary flow that was the equivalent of a 10 year flood. It is estimated that it will take the high water about seventeen minutes to reach the North Lansing Dam. Based on FERC criteria, momentary flood wave water depths from the Moores Park Dam to the North Lansing Dam would be at 12.6 to 8.9 feet, respectively, at these two dams. North Lansing Dam The North Lansing Dam is located on the Grand River between Burchard Park east and west. It is a concrete gravity type dam built in 1936 to replace the original structure built in 1838. The dam spans the Grand River from east to west and is 233 feet long. A movable crest extends the entire length of the spillway. It has four drum type gates which are balanced so that the reservoir elevation can be maintained between 813.5 and 817.5 feet above mean sea level. The gates actually float by head water pressure entering the chamber under the gate. The top of the floating chamber forms the crest of the dam. Each gate has a discharge capacity of 1250 cfs without change of pond level and the entire dam has a capacity of 25,000 cfs without flooding the banks. The highest recorded flood was 24,000 cfs in March, 1904. A hydro house is located in the east end of the dam. It holds a single 200 kW generator. Development of power at the damsite is, however, incidental, as the dam was built primarily for the purpose of maintaining a constant water level in the Grand River through the major portion of the city and to provide a pond for the steam electric generating station. The reservoir contains about 500 acre feet of water at the normal pond elevation of 817.5 feet above the mean sea level. A fish ladder was constructed at the dam in 1981. Loss of the pond above North Lansing Dam will affect the operation of the 85 MW Ottawa Station power plant. Water for the plant operations is taken from the river upstream of the dam. Should the river level at this point fall drastically, the suction bells (intakes) could become exposed. This, in turn, would force the shutdown of the affected generating unit or units. Based on studies performed by the Board of Water and Light and outside consultants it does not appear that there are any occupied structures that would be significantly affected by a breach of the North Lansing Dam at normal river levels. A breach of one half of the dam (an opening 11 feet high over a period of six minutes) would result in a momentary flow that was less than flood stage. Source: Lansing Board of Water and Light Emergency Action Plans 99 INFRASTRUCTURE In 1875 flood waters washed away five bridges in Lansing. In 1904 an even more severe flood demolished three bridges. The 1904 flood was a 50-100 year flood event, the worst flood in Lansing's recorded history. Both floods were caused by ice jams, which held back high water and debris and then broke, sending a wave of ice and driftwood against the bridges. As each bridge was destroyed it added to the load of debris and the destructive potential of the flood. A dam break would have a similar effect. In a worst case dam break at Moores Park, the inundation wave -- which would have greater force than a normal riverine flood --would sweep through the parking lot of the General Motors plant and the Board of Water and Light equipment yard, picking up enough debris to do significantly more damage than flood waters alone. Although our bridges today are stronger and built at higher elevations than those destroyed by earlier floods, there are still several that are low enough to be affected. The bridges at North Waverly on the Grand River; Beech Street and Pennsylvania on the Red Cedar; and Mount Hope, Cavanaugh, and Jolly on Sycamore Creek are all below 100 year flood levels and would be especially vulnerable to debris damage. There are also several pedestrian and railroad bridges that would be inundated and could potentially add to the debris load. Utilities which run cables under the bridges would also be impacted See FLOOD for more information on the impact of flooding on Lansing roads and bridges 100 PUBLIC WARNING The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which licenses hydroelectric facilities, requires that a public warning system be in place downstream of a dam. The Board of Water and Light maintains electronic sirens at Cherry Hill Park on River Street and in River Point Park near the intersection of South Grand Avenue and East Hazel Street to warn residents to seek high ground if a problem were to occur at the Moores Park dam. The sirens are capable of producing both voice messages and a whooping tone used to signal a �■�®®t�■■■■ ! 1 I-gasMNE��■i������ dam break warning. Voice messages are broadcast in both English and Spanish. The warning system can be heard by all residents, businesses, and passersby who would need to seek high ground in the event of an emergency at the dam. PREPAREDNESS In accordance with FERC requirements, the Board of Water and Light exercises emergency procedures for the two Lansing dams every three years. In 2001 over 100 people participated in a dam break exercise simulating a failure of the Moore's Park Dam during pre-existing 10 year flood conditions. The exercise included agencies who would respond to a dam break including fire, police and city public service. In November, 2001 the Board, along with the City of Lansing and other area responders, held a functional exercise to test procedures for emergency response in the event of a dam break. The nearest dam upstream from Lansing is the Smithville Dam at Eaton Rapids, approximately 27 miles away. This dam is 7 feet high and is rated a low hazard potential. A complete failure of the Smithville Dam is likely to result in less than a 12 inch increase in the pond level at Moores Park. CONCLUSION There are three primary differences between the result of a dam break and that of riverine flooding. The first is in the speed of onset. In a failure of the Moores Park Dam, water will reach the downtown area in 10 minutes. Neighborhoods on the Red Cedar and traffic on local roads could be affected in less than seven minutes. The downtown siren system and activation of the EAS will help to get people out of the inundation zone, but the potential for casualties is still high. Secondly, the violent release of water in a dam break gathers a greater amount of debris than gradually rising flood waters. Fast moving debris is capable of damaging bridges and other structures that might not be affected by normal riverine flooding. The final difference is that dam failure is, for the most part, preventable. The Board of Water and Light maintains high standards of maintenance and monitoring for both Lansing dams. The Board also plays a key role in the City's emergency management structure. The two agencies work closely together in planning for, responding to and recovering from all types of disasters. 101 SOURCES FEMA - Radiological Emergency Management (IS-3, 4/97) The Effects of NuclearWeapons, by Russell D. Hoffman 1999 Nuclear Weapons Primer, David Burbach, MIT, 1997 Fact Sheet on Dirty Bombs, NRC, July 2002 Statement to Congress by George Ullrich, Deputy Director, Defense Special Weapons Agency, 1997 Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook (National Emergency Response and Rescue Training Center) 2000 Protecting Americans Against Anthrax: The Need for an Effective Defense (Bioport, Oct 2002) Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?, Kyle B. Olson, Research Planning, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, USA (CDC Website) Historical Trends Related to Bioterrorism: An Empirical Analysis, Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 5, No 4, July -August 1999 International Terrorism: The Threat to Canada, Perspecitves, A Canadian Security Intelligence Service publication, 2000-04 Michigan's Water Resources", Second Edition, The Institute of Water Research ©1987, 1991 Michigan State University Hazardous Materials Shipments, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, USDOT Oct 1998 Washington State Dept of Health Fact Sheet #36, Nuclear Weapon Detonation, July 2002 www.mapscience.org — Nuclear Waste Route Map Emergency Preparedness Initiative: National Organization on Disabilities Guide on the Special Needs of People with Disabilities for Emergency Managers, Planners and Responders. Lansing Regional Chamber of Commerce Bitter Contract Dispute Reaffirms Blues' Dominant Position in Lansing" Community Report No. 5, Spring 2003, Center for Studying Healthcare System Change, Katz, Hurley, et.al. Bureau of Transportation Statistics — Transtats website CATA 2002 Community Report THE IMPACT OF AN URBAN STORMWATER CONSTRUCTED WETLAND ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES: A CASE STUDY OF THE TOLLGATE WETLAND (Eric A. Cline: Masters Thesis Submitted to Michigan State University Department of Resource Development 2002) 102